Bureaucracy Journal : Indonesia Journal of Law and Social-Political Governance
ANALISIS YURIDIS TENTANG GUGATAN TIDAK DAPAT DIEKSEKUSI (NON-EXECUTABLE) DALAM PUTUSAN NOMOR : 23/Pdt.GS/2023/PN Idm
Court decisions in civil cases should provide legal certainty and restoration of rights for the winning party. However, in practice, decisions that cannot be enforced (non-executable) are often found, resulting in substantive justice failing to be realised. This phenomenon raises serious questions about the effectiveness of the judicial system, particularly in the context of dispute resolution through simple lawsuit mechanisms. This study stems from the urgency to examine the problem of unenforceable judgments, focusing on Judgment Number 23/Pdt.GS/2023/PN.Idm, in which, although the breach of contract lawsuit was granted, the verdict was not condemnatory, so enforcement could not be carried out. The main objective of this study is to analyse the legal provisions regarding unenforceable lawsuits and assess the extent to which the decision provides legal protection for the plaintiff. The research questions focus on two things, namely how the law regulates non-executable decisions and whether Decision Number 23/Pdt.GS/2023/PN.Idm has fulfilled the principle of legal protection. The research method used a normative legal approach with a case law approach. The primary legal materials were laws and regulations and court decisions, while the secondary legal materials included legal literature and expert opinions. Data was collected through literature study and analysed qualitatively with an emphasis on legal interpretation and systematic logic. The results of the study show that non-executable decisions are generally caused by weaknesses in declarative decisions, ambiguity in the subject matter of the dispute, or the subject matter being tied to a third party. The Indramayu case confirms the gap between formal legality and substantive justice. The conclusion of the study emphasises the need for clear and operational formulation of verdicts, evaluation of simple lawsuit regulations, and an increased role for judges and advocates in ensuring the effectiveness of legal protection. Further research is recommended to examine similar cases across regions to identify national patterns
Copyright (c) 2025 Mardi Jaya, Wahyu Prawesti, Fitri Ayuningtiyas, Sri Sukmana Damayanti https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0
PEMANFAATAN MEDIA SOSIAL SEBAGAI SARANA EDUKASI HUKUM: STUDI KASUS AKUN INSTAGRAM SPRIPIM POLDA JATIM (@spripimpoldajatim)
The level of legal literacy among Indonesians is still relatively low, requiring more effective educational strategies that are closely related to everyday life. In the digital age, social media has become a communication channel that can reach a wide audience quickly, interactively, and participatively. One initiative that has been undertaken is the use of the Instagram account @spripimpoldajatim by the East Java Regional Police as a means of legal education. The urgency of this research lies in the importance of understanding the effectiveness of police social media in increasing public legal awareness. The main questions of this research are how the account is used as an instrument of legal education, what types of content are used, and to what extent it is effective in building public legal literacy. This study uses a descriptive qualitative approach with a combination of sociological and juridical perspectives. Data were collected through observation of the Instagram account content, interviews with account managers and active followers, documentation of uploaded archives, and literature studies. Data validity was strengthened through source triangulation, while data analysis was conducted using inductive, deductive, and comparative methods. The results show that @spripimpoldajatim actively presents legal education content in the form of infographics, short videos, and narratives of actual cases with a humanistic communication style. Visual and narrative strategies have been proven to increase public interaction, as evidenced by the high number of likes, comments, and shares. Content based on current issues and storytelling is the most effective format for attracting audience attention. These findings confirm that police social media can be an instrument of participatory digital legal literacy, although there are still limitations in reaching non-digital communities and risks of misperceptions of information. The conclusion of the study emphasises that the use of social media by the police contributes theoretically to the development of digital legal communication studies and provides practical benefits for legal education strategies in the information age. Further research using a mixed-method approach and comparisons between police accounts is recommended to strengthen the generalisation of the results.
Copyright (c) 2025 Baskara Febriyanu, Siti Marwiyah, Sri Astutik, Subekti https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0
ANALISIS IMPLEMENTASI KEBIJAKAN PELIMPAHAN SEBAGIAN KEWENANGAN BUPATI KEPADA CAMAT DALAM MENINGKATKAN PELAYANAN PUBLIK DI KECAMATAN BALARAJA
The delegation of some of the regent's authority to the sub-district head was carried out to accelerate and facilitate public services to the community. However, in Balaraja Sub-district, problems such as slow service, lack of facilities, and minimal understanding of new tasks among officials were still found. This shows that the implementation of the policy has not been optimal as expected by the community. This study aims to determine how the policy of authority delegation is implemented in Balaraja Subdistrict, as well as the obstacles and impacts on public services. The method used is descriptive qualitative, with data collection techniques through observation, interviews, and documentation. The researcher uses Edward III's theory, which covers communication, resources, implementer attitudes, and bureaucratic structure. The results show that this policy helps bring services closer to the community, but there are still many challenges. Some of the obstacles found include a lack of competent personnel, uneven communication, and suboptimal use of technology. The conclusion of this study is that there is a need to increase employee capacity, utilize digital technology, and supervise services so that the policy of delegating authority can run better and increase public satisfaction.
Copyright (c) 2025 Anugerah Adi Trio, Gatot Hartoko, Eli Apud Saepudin https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0
TINJAUAN YURIDIS TERHADAP PELAKSANAAN KETERBUKAAN INFORMASI PUBLIK BERDASARKAN UNDANG-UNDANG NOMOR 14 TAHUN 2008 TENTANG KETERBUKAAN INFORMASI PUBLIK
Law No. 14 of 2008 on Public Information Disclosure (KIP Law) is a vital legal instrument for guaranteeing the public's right to information in order to realise transparent governance. This study examines the legal implementation of the KIP Law, focusing on analysing the implementation of public agencies' obligations and identifying factors that hinder its effectiveness. The purpose of this study is to evaluate the extent to which the principle of information disclosure has been implemented and to identify legal obstacles in its implementation. This study is an empirical legal study using a qualitative approach. Data was obtained through a study of legislation, legal literature, and interviews with relevant parties at [Name of Public Agency/Research Location]. Data analysis was conducted using descriptive-analytical methods. The results of the study found that the implementation of PUBLIC INFORMATION DISCLOSURE LAW NUMBER 14 OF 2008 has not been fully effective. The main obstacles encountered include: (1) the suboptimal function and role of the Information and Documentation Management Officer (PPID); (2) a strong bureaucratic culture that is resistant to change; and (3) a lack of understanding and commitment from public agency officials in providing information. As a result, the fulfilment of the public's right to information is often hampered. To overcome this, efforts are needed to strengthen the PPID institution, increase human resource capacity, and enforce stricter sanctions for public agencies that do not comply with the provisions of the KIP Law
Copyright (c) 2025 Dimas Wisanggeni, Dudik Djaja Sidarta, Fitri Ayuningtyas https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0
UPAYA PENANGANAN SENGKETA KEPEMILIKAN SERTIFIKAT GANDA OLEH BPN DI KABUPATEN GRESIK
Duplicate land certificates pose a significant challenge to Indonesia’s agrarian system, as they generate legal uncertainty and undermine land ownership rights. This issue reflects weaknesses in land administration and the lack of data integration within the National Land Agency (BPN). This study investigates the dispute resolution mechanisms applied by the Gresik Regency Land Office and evaluates the legal protection afforded to legitimate certificate holders. Employing an empirical legal method with a descriptive-qualitative approach, data were collected through interviews, observations, and documentation. The findings reveal that although BPN Gresik implements administrative procedures in line with Government Regulation No. 24 of 1997 on Land Registration, shortcomings persist, particularly in the verification process and information system integration. Moreover, legal protection for holders of original certificates remains suboptimal due to limited restitution mechanisms and inconsistent regulatory enforcement. The study highlights the urgency of digital-based land administration reform, along with the need for greater transparency, accountability, and the development of fair and efficient non-litigation dispute resolution mechanisms
Copyright (c) 2025 Rizky Awaludin Bagus Sucipto, Wahyu Prawesti https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0
KEBIJAKAN KETERTIBAN DALAM TERMINAL PENUMPANG HAMID RUSDI
This normative legal research examines Order Policy at the Hamid Rusdi Passenger Terminal by analyzing the applicable legal framework and its implementation. The primary focus of this study is to identify and analyze the roles and authorities of the Head of the Technical Implementation Unit for the Management of Transportation Infrastructure and Road Traffic (UPT P3 LLAJ) in Malang in enforcing order at the Hamid Rusdi Passenger Terminal, as stipulated in East Java Governor Regulation No. 54 of 2018. This research also investigates the philosophical foundation of order from legal and public policy perspectives, highlighting the principles of justice, legal certainty, and utility. The findings indicate that order policy at the terminal is a vital instrument integrated within Law No. 22 of 2009 concerning Road Traffic and Transportation (UU LLAJ). The study concludes that the enforcement of order at passenger terminals, led by strategic officials such as the Head of UPT P3 LLAJ Malang, is not merely for discipline and repressive control, but also serves as an essential public service aimed at enhancing the efficiency, safety, and comfort of transport users
Copyright (c) 2025 Safi‘i Safi‘i, Ernu Widodo, Muhammad Yustino Ariwibawa https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0
PERAN PEMERINTAH DAERAH DALAM IMPLEMENTASI KEBIJAKAN KESIAPSIAGAAN BENCANA PADA DESTINASI WISATA AIR HITAM DI KOTA PALANGKA RAYA
The Black Water Tourism Destination in Palangka Raya City is a nature-based tourist area that is highly vulnerable to various potential disasters, such as forest and land fires, floods, and water tourism accidents. These conditions require integrated disaster preparedness policies in tourism management. Local governments have a strategic role in implementing disaster preparedness policies to ensure tourist safety and the sustainability of tourist destinations. This study aims to analyze the role of local governments in implementing disaster preparedness policies at the Air Hitam Tourism Destination in Palangka Raya City, as well as to identify the supporting and inhibiting factors in its implementation. This study uses a descriptive qualitative approach with data collection through in-depth interviews, field observations, documentation studies, and supporting questionnaires to members of the Air Hitam Tourism Awareness Group (Pokdarwis). Data analysis was carried out in stages of data reduction, data presentation, and conclusion drawing. The results of the study show that the local government plays a role as a regulator, facilitator, and coordinator in the implementation of disaster preparedness policies. The facilitative role of the local government through training, simulations, and the provision of safety facilities has been proven to increase the knowledge, skills, and awareness of Pokdarwis regarding disaster risks. However, the implementation of policies still faces obstacles in the form of limited technical regulations, suboptimal continuous cross-sector coordination, and limited resources. This study concludes that the implementation of disaster preparedness policies at the Air Hitam Tourist Destination has had a positive impact on increasing the capacity and preparedness of Pokdarwis, but still requires strengthening of regulations, coordination, and program sustainability. The results of this study are expected to serve as a reference for local governments in formulating and implementing policies for the management of safe, resilient, and sustainable tourism destinations
Copyright (c) 2025 Desy Selawaty https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0
ANALISIS YURIDIS TERHADAP RESTORATIVE JUSTICE DALAM PENYELESAIAN TINDAK PIDANA RINGAN BERDASARKAN KUHAP DAN PERMA NO. 2 TAHUN 2012
The settlement of minor criminal cases in Indonesia has been dominated by a formal and bureaucratic retributive approach, which is inefficient and causes dissatisfaction among the parties involved. In response to this situation, the restorative justice approach has emerged as an alternative that focuses more on restoring relationships between perpetrators, victims, and the community. This study aims to analyze the legal application of restorative justice in the settlement of minor criminal offenses based on the Criminal Procedure Code and PERMA No. 2 of 2012, as well as a case study of its implementation in the Mojokerto District Court. This study uses a normative legal method, with a literature study approach through analysis of legislation, court decisions, and relevant scientific literature. The results show that although the Criminal Procedure Code does not explicitly regulate the mechanism of restorative justice, the scope for its application can be found in Article 82 of the Criminal Procedure Code, reinforced by PERMA No. 2 of 2012 and Attorney General Regulation No. 15 of 2020. A case study in Mojokerto City proves that this approach is capable of resolving cases quickly, efficiently, and satisfactorily for all parties, especially in cases of minor assault and petty theft. There are still serious challenges, such as the lack of integrated technical regulations, low understanding among law enforcement officials, and cultural resistance to non-punitive approaches. Therefore, policy reformulation, intensive training, and public education are needed to broaden acceptance of restorative justice. This study confirms that the restorative justice approach is not only normatively relevant but also proven to be practically effective in realizing a more just, humane, and sustainable criminal justice system
Copyright (c) 2025 Rubiono Gatot Suwiryo, Vieta Imelda Cornelis, Vallencia Nandya Paramitha https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0
GUGATAN CLASS ACTION SEBAGAI PENEGAKAN HUKUM PRIVAT ATAS PRODUK PALSU YANG MEMBAHAYAKAN KESELAMATAN KONSUMEN
This literature study aims to reconstruct the class action lawsuit as an effective private enforcement instrument in addressing counterfeit products that endanger consumer safety. Employing a qualitative normative juridical method with content analysis techniques, this research examines secondary data from legislation, legal literature, and judicial practices. The findings indicate that the theoretical construction of class action requires a paradigm shift from mere procedural efficiency to an active private enforcement mechanism prioritizing consumer safety. Normative and procedural critical points, particularly in proving collective causation and calculating latent damages, can be overcome through risk-based evidence, a redefinition of commonality, and a differentiated compensation scheme. An effective enforcement design must integrate a court-supervised collective compensation fund, specific execution of injunctive relief such as mandatory recalls, the application of disgorgement of profits and coercive fines (astreinte), and robust post-judgment monitoring. This study concludes that a comprehensively redesigned class action mechanism, synchronized with consumer protection law and coordinated with public enforcement, can simultaneously achieve restorative justice for victims and optimal deterrence for violators. This reconstruction enriches civil procedure theory and offers practical guidance for judges, legislators, and consumer advocates in combating the circulation of hazardous counterfeit goods.
Copyright (c) 2025 Rio Saputra, Didit Darmawan https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0
Strategi Ekspor Pisang Mas Kabupaten Tanggamus
This article aims to comprehensively examine the export potential of Pisang Mas from Tanggamus Regency to the global market. This research was conducted by identifying production capacity, analyzing the readiness of the supply chain and supporting infrastructure, and evaluating opportunities and challenges in penetrating the international market. The research methodology used is a qualitative approach with a literature study. Data were obtained through export-import statistical reports, scientific journals, and data from international trade bodies such as the ITC and FAO. A value chain analysis was conducted to map the stages of production to effective and efficient distribution. The results show that Pisang Mas Tanggamus has a competitive advantage in terms of taste and visual appearance that are in demand by international consumers but faces challenges such as limited logistics infrastructure, unmet quality standards and international certification, low export literacy among farmers and dependence on the domestic market. The conclusion of this study states that the development of Pisang Mas exports from Tanggamus Regency has great potential and is feasible with strengthening the production system, improving quality, and active involvement of stakeholders. This effort is expected to provide a significant economic impact for local farmers, strengthen Indonesia's position in the global horticultural market and contribute to increasing the country's foreign exchange.
Copyright (c) 2025 Roby Rakhmadi, Luerdi, Arie Fitria https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0
PERAN DINAS PARIWISATA DAN KEBUDAYAAN (DISPARBUD) DALAM PENINGKATAN PAD KABUPATEN PANDEGLANG (STUDI PADA OBYEK WISATA PANTAI CISIIH/PARTA BEACH KECAMATAN CIMANGGU KABUPATEN PANDEGLANG)
This study aims to examine the role of the Department of Tourism and Culture (Disparbud) of Pandeglang Regency in increasing local revenue (PAD) through the management of the tourism object at Cisiih Beach (Parta Beach) in Cimanggu District. This research employs a descriptive qualitative approach, with data collected through interviews, observation, and documentation. The study adopts the tourism management theory proposed by Andi Mappi Sammeng (2000), which includes three main aspects: development, institutionalization, and regulation. The findings reveal that the role of Disparbud in managing Cisiih Beach has not been optimal. Several obstacles were identified, including the lack of infrastructure, limited digital promotion, and low community involvement. Nevertheless, the tourism office has made several efforts such as internal promotions, coordination with local businesses, and environmental education for local residents. It is recommended that stronger synergy between the local government, community, and private sector be established. Additionally, the formulation of technical regulations and structured community empowerment programs are needed to ensure sustainable tourism management and contribute to the growth of local revenue in Pandeglang Regency.
Copyright (c) 2025 Mochamad Yordan Sofian, Ita Rosita Wahyiah, Suherman Arifin, Endayani, Malik Fatoni https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0
PERAN BADAN KEHORMATAN DALAM MENJAGA KEDISIPLINAN KEHADIRAN ANGGOTA DPRD KOTA SERANG (STUDI TENTANG MEKANISME ETIK DAN KEPATUHAN PADA RAPAT PARIPURNA)
This study aims to understand the role of the Honorary Council (BK) of the Regional House of Representatives (DPRD) of Serang City in maintaining the disciplinary attendance of council members, particularly in the context of plenary meetings. The background of this research stems from the significance of attendance as part of the accountability and integrity of legislative institutions. This research employs a descriptive qualitative approach with a case study method, focusing on ethical mechanisms, institutional role dynamics, and the challenges faced by the Badan Kehormatan in carrying out its duties. Data were obtained through in-depth interviews with members of the Badan Kehormatan, DPRD members, and secretariat staff, as well as official documents related to the code of conduct and internal regulations. The findings reveal that the role of the Badan Kehormatan emphasizes moral, educational, and interpersonal approaches rather than formal-procedural enforcement. The ethical mechanisms applied are informal and adaptive but are not yet supported by a strong institutional framework. Major challenges include weak sanction regulations, the political positioning of Badan Kehormatan members, and the absence of a strong ethical culture within the DPRD. This study concludes that ethical enforcement requires the strengthening of values, institutional structures, and consistent political role models. Based on the research findings, the researchers recommend several measures, including strengthening ethical mechanisms through written SOPs, enhancing institutional capacity and ethical education at the Serang City DPRD Ethics Council, and reforming attendance regulations and institutional transparency of DPRD ethical performance. Furthermore, suggestions for future research include expanding the study context, using a qualitative-narrative or phenomenological approach, and utilizing participatory instruments such as focus group discussions (FGD) or participant observation.
Copyright (c) 2025 Amelinda Kusbandiah Wahyudi, Mohamad Ikrom Arasid, Luis Fiska Rahayu, Wahyu Widodo, Suherman Arifin https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0
THE ROLE OF GOOD FAITH IN COMMERCIAL TRANSACTIONS: A NORMATIVE ANALYSIS OF ITS INTERPRETATION AND ENFORCEMENT IN INDONESIAN BUSINESS LAW
This study analyzes the role of good faith (itikad baik) in commercial transactions within the framework of Indonesian business law using a normative juridical approach. Good faith, as a fundamental principle of contract law, is recognized in the Indonesian Civil Code (KUHPerdata), particularly Articles 1338 and 1339, which emphasize that contracts must be executed in good faith and in line with propriety. Despite its doctrinal importance, the interpretation and enforcement of good faith in Indonesia remain inconsistent. Judicial practice shows variations between a subjective approach—focusing on honesty of intention—and an objective approach—emphasizing fairness, reasonableness, and protection of counterpart interests. This inconsistency creates legal uncertainty and weakens business confidence. Comparative analysis with German, Dutch, and international frameworks such as the UNIDROIT Principles and CISG highlights the importance of codifying and applying good faith uniformly to promote fairness and predictability. The findings recommend clearer legislative guidelines, the adoption of objective standards, judicial consistency, and alignment with international practices to strengthen contractual stability and Indonesia’s competitiveness in global trade.
Copyright (c) 2025 Septiana Na'afi, Irman Putra https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0
PERLINDUNGAN HUKUM BAGI PENUMPANG PADA ANGKUTAN UMUM DITINJAU DARI KELAIKAN JALAN KENDARAAN BERMOTOR
The transportation sector plays a very vital role in community life. Passengers, as consumers or users of public transportation services, must receive good service from both the government and transportation service providers. In addition, protection of the rights of the community as passengers must also be clear. Article 48 of Law Number 22 of 2009 concerning Traffic and Road Transportation stipulates that every motor vehicle operating on the road must meet technical requirements and be roadworthy. Every vehicle operating on the road must undergo motor vehicle testing. A motor vehicle can be declared roadworthy if it has passed the motor vehicle test and obtained approval of the test results on the proof of periodic test completion. Motor vehicle testing can be said to be one of the efforts to provide legal protection for passengers. What is the form of legal protection for passengers in public transport that do not meet roadworthiness for motor vehicles? There needs to be an identification of the forms or efforts of legal protection in order to ensure the fulfillment of passenger rights in public transportation
Copyright (c) 2025 Sunardi Sunardi, Dudi Djaja Sidarta, Fitri Ayungtyas https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0
EFEKTIVITAS PENERAPAN SANKSI ADMINISTRATIF PELANGGARAN LALU LINTAS DALAM MENINGKATKAN KESADARAN MASYARAKAT DI KABUPATEN NGAWI
This thesis is entitled ‘The Effectiveness of Administrative Sanctions for Traffic Violations in Raising Public Awareness in Ngawi Regency’. The high number of traffic violations, despite increased enforcement by the authorities, with 6,395 fines and 26,714 warnings recorded in 2024, indicates a low level of public legal awareness. This problem raises questions about the extent to which administrative sanctions can have a deterrent effect and encourage legal awareness. The purpose of this study is to analyse the implementation of administrative sanctions for traffic violations in Ngawi Regency and assess their effectiveness in shaping public legal awareness. This study uses a normative juridical approach supported by field data through interviews, observations, and documentation from the Ngawi Police Traffic Unit, and is analysed using Satjipto Rahardjo's progressive legal theory, which emphasises the need for a humanistic and participatory legal approach so that sanctions are not only repressive but also educational
Copyright (c) 2025 Meita Fadhilah Zahra, Dudik Djaja Sidarta, Vallencia Nandya Paramitha https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0
PENERAPAN MODEL PEMOLISIAN BERBASIS MASYARAKAT (COMMUNITY POLICING MODEL) DI KEPOLISIAN RESOR MOJOKERTO
This study aims to analyze how the community policing model is implemented in the Mojokerto Police and identify the challenges faced in its implementation, particularly in relation to the quality of human resources. The method used is a qualitative approach with data collection techniques through interviews, observation, and documentation. The results show that the implementation of Community Policing at the Mojokerto Police Station has been carried out through the active role of Bhabinkamtibmas, outreach activities, legal counseling, and the formation of FKPM. This implementation has increased community involvement in maintaining security and public order. However, the quality of human resources remains a significant obstacle, especially in terms of social competence, workload, and the availability of community-based training. The success of Community Policing is highly dependent on the interpersonal capacity of officers and the level of community participation. Intensive training, work system reform, and the strengthening of social partnerships are needed so that this model can be implemented optimally and sustainably
Copyright (c) 2025 Khansa Fernanda Fa'iq Praptama, Hartoyo Hartoyo, Sri Sukmana Damayanti https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0
KEABSAHAN PENDIRIAN PERSEROAN TERBATAS OLEH PEMEGANG SAHAM MELALUI PERJANJIAN NOMINEE
This study aims to analyze the validity of establishing a limited liability company through a nominee agreement and the legal consequences that arise if the deed of establishment is declared null and void. According to Law Number 40 of 2007 concerning Limited Liability Companies, a limited liability company (PT) is a legal entity established based on an agreement, and therefore subject to the requirements for a valid agreement as stipulated in Article 1320 of the Civil Code. On the other hand, Law Number 25 of 2007 concerning Investment explicitly prohibits the use of nominee agreements in share ownership and declares such agreements null and void. This study uses a normative legal research method with a legislative and conceptual approach. Legal materials are analyzed systematically to find the relationship between the private law regime and state administrative law in the context of establishing a PT that contains nominee elements. The results of the study indicate that the establishment of a PT based on a nominee agreement contains a defect in the element of lawful cause, so that it is materially null and void. However, if the company has obtained legal entity approval from the competent minister, then based on the principle of presumption of legality, the approval decision is still considered valid and effective as long as it has not been revoked through the competent legal mechanism. Thus, there is a separation between the nullity of the establishment agreement in civil law and the continued validity of the administrative legal entity status. The legal consequences of this condition include the lapse of rights and obligations arising from the memorandum of association, without immediately removing the company's position as a legal entity vis-à-vis third parties acting in good faith. A solution can be sought through the mechanism of amending the articles of association in a GMS or through dissolution and a court decision in order to achieve harmony between material and formal validity
Copyright (c) 2025 Ramadhan Kahfi Fahlafi, Moh. Saleh https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0
TRANSFORMASI DIGITAL DALAM APLIKASI SERANG BAHAGIA: UPAYA PENINGKATAN PELAYANAN PUBLIK DI UPT DUKCAPIL KECAMATAN KRAGILAN KABUPATEN SERANG
This study aims to analyze the implementation of digital transformation through the Serang Bahagia Application as a public service innovation at the Population and Civil Registration Technical Implementation Unit (UPT Dukcapil) in Kragilan District, Serang Regency. The background of this study is based on the community's need for fast, efficient, and transparent public services in the digital era. The research method uses a qualitative approach with data collection techniques in the form of interviews, observations, and documentation. The research analysis refers to Indrajit's (2006) theory, which emphasizes three indicators of successful digitization, namely support, capacity, and value. The results of the study show that the Serang Bahagia application has provided easy access to population services, increased the efficiency of administrative processes, and strengthened the transparency of public services. However, challenges are still encountered in the form of limited digital literacy among the elderly, uneven network infrastructure in remote areas, and a lack of intensive socialization. Nevertheless, the use of this application has had a positive impact on improving the quality of public services in Kragilan District. This study confirms that the digitization of public services through the Serang Bahagia application has great potential to improve service quality, but it needs to be optimized through improving human resource competencies, strengthening digital infrastructure, and broader socialization.
Copyright (c) 2025 Rani Mardiana, Try Adhi Bangsawan, Rizki Amilia https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0
DAMPAK HUKUM KETENAGAKERJAAN PASCA OMNIBUS LAW DILANJUT PASCA PUTUSAN MK NO. 168/PUU-XXI/2023 TERHADAP PEKERJA
Labor laws play an important role in ensuring legal certainty and a balance of rights and obligations between workers and employers. However, the enactment of the Job Creation Law (Omnibus Law) has sparked controversy because it is considered to accommodate the interests of employers and investors more than those of workers. This study examines the impact of the Job Creation Law and Constitutional Court Decision No. 168/PUU-XXI/2023 on the conditions of workers and industrial relations in Indonesia. Using a normative legal research method, this paper highlights changes in aspects of worker protection, including termination of employment, wages, severance pay, outsourcing, and apprenticeships. On the other hand, the role of labor unions as a means of fighting for workers' rights faces strategic challenges that encourage their involvement in the political arena. The results of the analysis show that the implementation of the Omnibus Law has created legal uncertainty and weakened the bargaining position of workers. Therefore, more equitable and inclusive labor regulations are needed, which are not drafted using the omnibus method. In conclusion, ideal labor laws must be able to create harmonious and equitable industrial relations for the welfare of workers, business sustainability, and social stability.
Copyright (c) 2025 Wiwik Aswanti, Hari Damono, Sarino, Mohamat Indrayana, Heru Purdiyanto, Noto Antoko https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0
EVALUASI KEBIJAKAN PROGRAM REHABILITASI SOSIAL PENANGANAN GELANDANGAN DAN PENGEMIS PADA DINAS SOSIAL KOTA SERANG
The issue of homelessness and begging continues to pose a significant social challenge, including in Serang City. To address this, the Serang City Social Affairs Office has implemented a Social Rehabilitation Program aimed at restoring the social functions of homeless individuals and beggars. This study evaluates the policy using William N. Dunn’s policy evaluation model, which includes six dimensions: effectiveness, efficiency, adequacy, equity, responsiveness, and appropriateness. A descriptive qualitative approach was employed, with data gathered through in-depth interviews, observations, and documentation involving social office staff, field officers, and program beneficiaries. The findings reveal that while the program has been relatively successful in reducing the recurrence of street begging, several obstacles remain, including limited budget allocation, lack of facilities, insufficient outreach, and a shortage of support staff. In conclusion, although the program demonstrates positive outcomes, improvements in supporting aspects are essential to ensure that the objectives of social rehabilitation are achieved more effectively and sustainably.
Copyright (c) 2025 Gibran Brilian Salman,Try Adhi Bangsawan, Eli Apud Saepudin https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0
PEMBANGUNAN BERKELANJUTAN DALAM PEMBENTUKAN HUKUM LINGKUNGAN
Sustainable development is a fundamental principle that guides economic, social, and environmental policies in Indonesia. This study aims to analyze the integration of sustainable development principles within the national environmental law system, particularly in the context of risk-based licensing reforms following the enactment of the Job Creation Law and Government Regulation No. 22 of 2021. This research employs a normative juridical approach, combining statute, conceptual, and case approaches, supported by primary legal materials (laws and court decisions) and secondary sources (academic literature and institutional reports). The analysis was conducted qualitatively through a deductive syllogism method and grammatical, systematic, and teleological interpretation to assess the coherence between legal norms and sustainability principles. The findings indicate that although the principles of precaution, state responsibility, public participation, and polluter pay have been incorporated into Indonesia’s environmental law framework, their implementation remains formalistic and ineffective in mitigating the environmental impacts of development. The risk-based licensing regime enhances administrative efficiency but potentially weakens preventive oversight mechanisms and public transparency. Institutional weaknesses, fragmented central–local authority, and the limited use of economic instruments further constrain legal effectiveness. This study emphasizes the need for legal reform through the strengthening of strategic environmental assessment, integration of digital monitoring systems, and substantive application of the polluter pays principle. The results contribute to the advancement of ecological constitutionalism and sustainable governance frameworks within developing countries, providing practical implications for the reform of environmental legal policies toward a more equitable and sustainable development paradigm.
Copyright (c) 2025 Trifena Julia kambey, Gerrard Wayne Rumayar, Gabriel Imanuel Lumintang, Rafanli Yakob https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0
TINJAUAN YURIDIS TERHADAP PENGGUNA JALAN YANG MENGAKIBATKAN TERJADINYA KERUSAKAN JALAN
This study examines the juridical review of legal liability for road users who cause road damage in Indonesia. Using a normative legal research approach, this study analyzes the existing legal framework, specifically Law Number 22 of 2009 on Road Traffic and Transportation (UU LLAJ) and its related regulations. The findings indicate that road damage, often caused by over dimension over loading (ODOL) vehicles, creates a duality of responsibility. On one hand, the government, as the road operator, has a legal obligation to maintain and repair roads and can be subject to criminal sanctions for negligence. On the other hand, road users who cause damage are also liable for criminal penalties and civil compensation. Although the legal framework is robust, law enforcement remains suboptimal due to challenges like overlapping authority, budget constraints, and a lack of inter-agency coordination. Therefore, this study concludes that effective law enforcement requires synergy among institutions, the use of technology, and increased public legal awareness to create a safe and sustainable transportation system
Copyright (c) 2025 Watimah Watimah, M. Syahrul Borman, Nur Handayati https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0
PERLINDUNGAN HUKUM TERHADAP KORBAN KEKERASAN DALAM RUMAH TANGGA BERDASARKAN UNDANG-UNDANG NOMOR 23 TAHUN 2004
This study aims to analyze the concept of legal protection for women victims of domestic violence based on Law Number 23 of 2004 concerning the Elimination of Domestic Violence, as well as to identify the factors that influence the effectiveness of the implementation of such legal protection in Indonesia. This research employs a normative juridical approach with qualitative analysis. The results show that legal protection for women victims of domestic violence has been comprehensively regulated in the Domestic Violence Law, covering emergency protection mechanisms, psychosocial recovery, and legal assistance services. However, its effectiveness remains hampered by several factors, including weak law enforcement, entrenched patriarchal culture, limited victim support infrastructure, and low legal literacy among women. Therefore, synergistic efforts from the state, society, and law enforcement officials are needed to realize holistic and equitable legal protection
Copyright (c) 2025 Adam Hamka Maulana, Vieta Imelda Cornelis, Fathul Hamdani https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0
TANGGUNG JAWAB PIHAK KEPOLISIAN DI POLRES MOJOKERTO DALAM PENGELOLAAN BARANG BUKTI
This study examines the role of the police in managing evidence during the investigation process at Mojokerto Police Resort. Evidence management is a crucial aspect of criminal law enforcement, whose success is influenced by procedural accuracy, officer integrity, and an accountable storage system. Based on normative legal research methods with statutory and legal theory approaches, it was found that evidence management at Mojokerto Police Resort has largely complied with the provisions of the Criminal Procedure Code (KUHAP), Police Regulation No. 10 of 2010, and Ministry of Law and Human Rights Regulation No. 16 of 2014. However, there are still practices of evidence utilization by certain officers under the pretext of official needs, which contradict the principle of chain of custody and pose a risk of legal violations. Therefore, strengthening accountability and internal supervision is necessary to ensure the integrity of evidence. This study contributes to the development of police policy and the improvement of evidence management governance in a juridical and professional manner
Copyright (c) 2025 Muchammad Ferdin Fauzi Putra, Syahrul Borman, Wahyu Prawesthi https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0
THE CONSTRUCTION OF BURDEN OF PROOF AND THE ROLE OF PSYCHIATRIC REPORTS IN PLEAS OF SELF-DEFENSE AND DURESS
This literature study aims to analyze the construction of the burden of proof and the evidentiary function of psychiatric/psychological reports (visum et repertum) in proving the psychological elements of noodweer (self-defense) and overmacht (force majeure) in Indonesian criminal law. Employing a normative juridical method with a qualitative literature review approach, this research examines primary and secondary legal sources. The findings indicate that the allocation of the burden of proof is not absolute. A layered model is identified: the defendant bears an initial burden to raise a credible allegation supported by prima facie evidence indicating a reasonable possibility of the justifying or excusing circumstance. Once this low threshold is met, the burden shifts to the public prosecutor to disprove the defendant's claim beyond a reasonable doubt. The study further reveals that the visum et repertum, while formally a valid piece of documentary evidence under the Criminal Procedure Code, possesses limited substantive validity in retrospectively determining a defendant's precise mental state at the time of the offense. Its determinative power is persuasive rather than conclusive, heavily dependent on the methodological quality of the examination and the judge's critical ability to assess expert testimony. The study concludes that a balanced and nuanced understanding of this proof mechanism is essential to uphold the presumption of innocence while ensuring a fair trial when psychological defenses are invoked.
Copyright (c) 2025 Kurnia Wijaya, Rommy Hardyansah, Rafadi Khan Khayru, Sarwo Waskito, Mujito https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0
KEBEBASAN BEREKSPRESI TERHADAP PENERAPAN PASAL 27A JO. PASAL 45 UNDANG-UNDANG REPUBLIK INDONESIA NOMOR 1 TAHUN 2024 TENTANG PERUBAHAN KEDUA ATAS UNDANG-UNDANG NOMOR 11 TAHUN 2008 TENTANG INFORMASI DAN TRANSAKSI ELEKTRONIK PASCA PUTUSAN MAHKAMAH KONSTITUSI
The level of digital technology development has changed the pattern of communication in society and opened up a wide space for expression in the public sphere. However, the freedom of expression guaranteed by the 1945 Constitution of the Republic of Indonesia often conflicts with the application of Article 27A in conjunction with Article 45 of Law Number 1 of 2024 concerning Electronic Information and Transactions (ITE Law). This provision is considered to be open to multiple interpretations, potentially leading to criminalisation and causing a negative deterrent effect that reduces public participation in democracy. This study aims to answer the main question: how does the application of this article affect the protection of freedom of expression in Indonesia, and to what extent is it consistent with the principles of legality, proportionality, and human rights standards? The research method uses a normative legal approach with a qualitative design. Data was collected through a literature study of legislation, legal doctrine, court decisions, and academic literature. The analysis was conducted deductively and comparatively to assess the conformity of legal norms with enforcement practices and international standards such as the ICCPR. The results of the study show that the application of Article 27A in conjunction with Article 45 of the ITE Law still causes legal uncertainty and is often used as a repressive instrument. The cases of Jerinx SID, Baiq Nuril, and Muhammad Kace illustrate how this article is used inconsistently, sometimes ignoring the principles of legality and proportionality. These findings confirm that there is a serious gap between the constitutional protection of freedom of expression and law enforcement practices. The conclusion of this study emphasises the need for restrictive interpretation and reformulation of the articles of the ITE Law to be more in line with the principles of a democratic state based on the rule of law. Theoretically, this study enriches the discourse on digital criminal law, while in practical terms, it provides recommendations for policymakers and law enforcement officials to prioritise substantive justice and a restorative justice approach. Further research is needed to explore the empirical practices of officials in implementing Constitutional Court decisions, as well as comparisons with other countries in regulating freedom of expression in the digital space.conflicts.
Copyright (c) 2025 Ilham Bayu Aldian Febrananda, Sri Astutik, Subekti, Siti Marwiyah https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0
PERMASALAHAN UPAH MINIMUM TENTANG HIDUP LAYAK, DAYA BELI, DAN DISPARITAS UPAH
Minimum Wage is the lowest monthly wage consisting of wages without allowances or basic wages and fixed allowances. The Central Government has established a wage policy as one of the efforts to realize the right of Workers/Laborers to a decent livelihood for humanity. Adjustments to the value of the Minimum Wage, both the Provincial and Regency/City Minimum Wage, are carried out every year using a calculation formula by considering and ensuring that purchasing power is not reduced. However, the comparison of the Provincial Minimum Wage and the Regency/City Minimum Wage creates a significant minimum wage disparity and creates unfair competition. Therefore, the author is interested in conducting research on "Minimum Wage Problems Regarding Decent Living, Purchasing Power, and Wage Disparity" with the aim of analyzing the problem of determining the minimum wage based on the provisions of the applicable Laws and Regulations on Minimum Wages and to solve the problem of the Minimum Wage regarding Decent Living, Purchasing Power, and Wage Disparity based on Law Number 6 of 2023 concerning Job Creation that has been amending several provisions in Law Number 13 of 2003 concerning Manpower and the Constitutional Court Decision Number 168/PUU-XXI/2023 in the case of Material Testing of Law Number 6 of 2023 concerning Job Creation. The research method used in this study is normative juridical. The results of the study show that the Determination of the Minimum Wage based on the Need for a Decent Life by taking into account productivity and economic growth in accordance with Law Number 13 of 2003 concerning Manpower, only determines the Components, Types, and Quality of Decent Living Needs, but does not establish the Specification of Decent Living Needs which causes differences in each region, does not provide instructions and explanations of productivity and economic growth, causes a minimum wage disparity. The Formula for Determining the Minimum Wage based on Inflation, Economic Growth, and Certain Indices in accordance with the Constitutional Court Decision Number 168/PUU-XXI/2023 in the case of Testing Law Number 6 of 2023 concerning Job Creation can solve the problem of the Minimum Wage regarding Decent Living, Purchasing Power, and Wage Disparity by considering the Variables of Inflation and Economic Growth in the formula for determining the Minimum Wage will ensure that the Purchasing Power of the minimum wage will not be decreased, the Certain Index is a variable of Decent Living Needs which includes food and beverages, clothing, housing, education, health, recreation, and old-age guarantees to realize Decent Living, and Standardization of Guidelines for Components, Types, Specifications, and Quality of Decent Living Needs to ensure that the calculation method of each region is the same that can solve the Wage Disparity.
Copyright (c) 2025 Mujito, Slamet Abadi https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0
ANALISIS PENERAPAN PRINSIP GOOD GOVERNANCE DALAM PENGENDALIAN ADMINISTRASI DI SEKRETARIAT DAERAH KOTA SERANG
This study aims to examine how good governance values are applied in administrative control at the Serang City Regional Secretariat. The focus of the research includes the impact of implementation on efficiency and accountability, as well as supporting and inhibiting factors. Qualitative descriptive studies using interviews, observation, and documentation were used to collect data in this study. Mardiasmo's (2009) theory is used as the analytical framework, which emphasizes three main indicators of good governance: transparency, accountability, and efficiency and effectiveness. The results of this study also show that the principle of transparency has begun to be implemented through administrative information disclosure, although public access is still limited. Accountability has been realized in performance reporting, but it is not yet fully optimal due to incomplete and untimely reporting. Efficiency and effectiveness are hampered by limitations in human resources, budget, and information technology. The main supporting factors are leadership commitment and the availability of regulations, while obstacles include a work culture that is not yet accountable and weak internal supervision. This study recommends strengthening human resource capacity, digitizing administration, and improving an accountable work culture to realize a more orderly and transparent system of government.
Copyright (c) 2025 Yunita, Try Adhi Bangsawan, Eli Apud Saepudin https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0
MEKANISME PENYELESAIAN TINDAK PIDANA PENCURIAN HASIL BUMI BERDASARKAN HUKUM MASYARAKAT ADAT OEPERIGI KECAMATAN NOEMUTI KABUPATEN TIMOR TENGAH UTARA
Indonesia is a country rich in cultural diversity. The existence of various tribes, ethnicities, religions, and groups in accordance with the constitution is stated in Article 18b paragraph 2 of the 1945 Constitution. Regarding customary life, one of the villages that often still uses the customary system is Oeperigi Village. Oeperigi Village is one of the villages that has its own customary law to resolve criminal cases that occur. One of the problems often faced by the community, especially in rural areas such as Oeperigi Village is stealing agricultural products. The formulation of the problem in this study is how the mechanism for resolving criminal acts of theft of agricultural products based on customary law in Oeperigi Village, Noemuti District, North Central Timor Regency and the purpose of the problem in this study is to find out the mechanism for resolving criminal acts of theft of agricultural products based on customary law in Oeperigi Village, Noemuti District, North Central Timor Regency. The type of research used in this study is empirical legal research, the approach method used is empirical law, the data sources used in the study are primary data obtained from direct sources using data collection methods in the form of direct interviews at the research location and secondary data through literature studies. The results of this study are the mechanism for resolving criminal acts of theft of agricultural products based on customary law in Oeperigi Village, Noemuti District, North Central Timor Regency and this settlement mechanism consists of several steps, namely a report of the case from the victim to the customary leader verbally, followed by a preparation process consisting of (summoning the parties from the perpetrator, then summoning witnesses), tracing making decisions made by the customary leader which are announced publicly, then continued with the imposition of sanctions in the form of paying fines, and finally implementing peace efforts. In observing and analyzing the method of resolving criminal acts of theft of agricultural products in Oeperigi Village, it appears to use a method of resolving problems peacefully within the local community. The conclusion in the study is the mechanism for resolving criminal acts of theft of agricultural products based on customary law in Oeperigi Village and from the customary settlement mechanism in Oeperigi Village. As well as suggestions that researchers remember is that it is necessary to combine the customary law system with official legal provisions in Village Regulations.
Copyright (c) 2025 Ivena O. Luchiany Bau, Dwityas Witarti Rabawati, Finsensius Samara https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0
ANALISA YURIDIS TERHADAP PERKARA WANPRESTASI DALAM PERJANJIAN JUAL BELI RUMAH
The purpose of this study is to examine and analyze the decision of the Sungguminasa District Court No. 17/Pdt.G/2007/PN. Sungguminasa District Court Decision No. 17/Pdt.G/2007/PN Sungguminasa is in accordance with the facts and applicable legal provisions, and to determine and analyze the judge's decision on breach of contract in Sungguminasa District Court Decision No. 17/Pdt.G/2007/PN Sungguminasa, which applied the principle of Audi Et Alteram Partem. This study uses a normative research type supported by normative legal entities. Therefore, this research was conducted by processing legal materials obtained from various sources and literature. The results of this study describe the judge's legal considerations regarding the decision on civil case (breach of contract) No. 17/Pdt.G/2007/PN. Sungguminasa was not in accordance with the legal facts presented in the trial because it did not assess the events that occurred in their entirety regarding the physical changes to the object of the dispute, namely from type 45 to type 90, and the price increase as evidenced by the results of the local investigation and witness testimony. Thus, these changes were not taken into consideration by the judge in making the decision, as there is no obligation for a contract or agreement to be made in writing (except in formal agreements mandated by law) because as long as the requirements for a valid contract as stipulated in Article 1320 of the Civil Code are met, the contract is valid even if it is only made verbally, but it is better if the contract is made in writing
Copyright (c) 2025 Aden Syah, Subekti Subekti, Ernu Widodo https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0
PERLINDUNGAN HUKUM BAGI PENUMPANG PADA ANGKUTAN UMUM
This normative legal research analyzes the legal protection afforded to public transport passengers in Indonesia. Grounded in the concept of a rule-of-law state (Rechtsstaat), as stipulated in Article 1 Paragraph (3) of the 1945 Constitution, this study examines the existing legal framework—specifically Law No. 22 of 2009 on Road Traffic and Transportation and Law No. 8 of 1999 on Consumer Protection—to understand how passenger rights are guaranteed constitutionally and implemented sectorally. Using a normative legal research approach with a focus on doctrinal analysis of legislation, the study finds that passenger legal protection originates from the legal relationship created by a carriage agreement. This relationship establishes mutual rights and obligations, with the carrier held responsible for the passenger's safety and comfort, often under the principle of strict liability. Various forms of legal protection, such as mandatory insurance schemes, dispute resolution mechanisms, and prohibitions against unfair standard clauses, serve to balance the unequal bargaining power between carriers and passengers. The research concludes that legal protection for passengers is an essential pillar for ensuring safety and justice within the transportation ecosystem. As technology advances, this protection will continue to evolve to accommodate new challenges posed by autonomous vehicles and Mobility as a Service (MaaS) systems. Therefore, it is recommended that regulations be updated proactively, law enforcement strengthened, and public education promoted to ensure that passenger rights remain protected in the future
Copyright (c) 2025 Dwi Teguh Soekarno, Sri Astutik, Subekti Subekti https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0
ANALISIS YURIDIS PEMBINAAN MASYARAKAT OLEH KEPOLISIAN TERHADAP PENINGKATAN PARTISIPASI WARGA DALAM PROGRAM KEAMANAN LINGKUNGAN
This study aims to analyze the effect of community development by the police on increasing citizen participation in neighborhood watch programs in Windurejo Village, Kutorejo District. The method used is a juridical-empirical approach with interview, observation, and documentation study techniques. The results show that the active role of Bhabinkamtibmas in community development has a significant contribution in fostering legal awareness and citizen involvement in security activities. The success of the program is determined by factors such as personnel competence, operational facilities, support from community leaders, and synergy with the village government. However, there are also obstacles such as limited personnel and cultural constraints. This study recommends institutional strengthening, capacity building for officers, and a local participatory approach in community development programs to create sustainable environmental security
Copyright (c) 2025 Mochamad Fillakhiya Atma Wijaya, Vieta Imelda Cornelis, Fathul Hamdani https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0
PRIVATE SALES DEEDS IN LAND DISPUTES: WEAKNESSES IN EVIDENCE AND REGISTRATION OBSTACLES
This normative legal study examines the validity of private deeds of sale and purchase (AJB) and their standing as evidence in land ownership disputes in Indonesia. Utilizing a qualitative literature review, the research analyzes primary regulations including the Civil Code, the Agrarian Law, and the Land Registration Government Regulation. The findings reveal a fundamental legal hierarchy between notarial/PPAT deeds and private deeds. Notarial deeds possess perfect evidentiary strength, executive force, and are the sole legal basis for registering land rights transfer at the Land Office. Conversely, private deeds have only relative evidentiary value, contingent upon signature authentication and corroborating evidence. The legal consequence is severe: transactions based on private deeds cannot be registered, preventing the legal transfer of ownership and leaving the buyer without formal state protection. In court disputes, private deeds are treated as preliminary evidence but are insufficient to establish ownership; judges typically order the creation of a notarial deed or award compensation rather than directly granting property rights. The study concludes that while private deeds may prove the existence of a contractual agreement, they fail to produce the definitive legal effects of notarial deeds, especially concerning land registration and conclusive proof of title. This legal uncertainty underscores the critical importance of formalizing land transactions through authorized officials to ensure security of tenure and prevent protracted disputes.
Copyright (c) 2025 Sulani, Didit Darmawan, Suwito, Rahayu Mardikaningsih, Elly Christanty Gautama https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0
PENYELESAIAN SENGKETA MEREK “MARLIN” ANTARA ASTRA HONDA MOTOR (AHM) DAN TREK BICYCLE CORPORATION (STUDI KASUS PUTUSAN KASASI NO. 396 K/PDT.SUS/HKI/MEREK/2024)
Cross-border trademark disputes are becoming increasingly complex with the rise of trade globalisation and the harmonisation of international legal standards. One notable case is the ‘Marlin’ trademark dispute between Astra Honda Motor (AHM) and Trek Bicycle Corporation, which was decided by the Supreme Court in Case No. 396 K/Pdt.Sus/HKI/Merek/2024. This dispute reflects legal issues regarding trademark registration based on the first-to-file principle, which conflicts with the principle of actual use (use requirement). This research is important to evaluate the implementation of Law No. 20 of 2016 concerning Trademarks and Geographical Indications, as well as to analyse the ratio decidendi of the judges in deciding the case. The main questions raised are how the trademark law provisions were applied in this case and how the judges' considerations formed a precedent in trademark legal protection. The research method used was normative juridical with a case approach. Data were obtained through a literature study of laws and regulations, court decisions, doctrines, and related scientific literature. The analysis was conducted descriptively and analytically by linking the applicable legal norms with the legal facts from the court decisions. The results of the study show that the Commercial Court rejected Trek Bicycle Corporation's lawsuit on formal grounds, while the Supreme Court accepted the lawsuit based on Article 74 of Law No. 20 of 2016, which stipulates that trademarks that have not been used for three consecutive years can be revoked. This decision affirms the principle of actual use as a condition for legal protection of trademarks while strengthening the position of the aggrieved party. The conclusion of this study states that the ratio decidendi of the judges in the ‘Marlin’ case contributed significantly to the development of the doctrine of trademark protection in Indonesia. The implications not only strengthen legal certainty but also encourage healthy business competition and harmonisation with international legal standards. Further research is recommended to explore the effectiveness of trademark cancellation in the context of comparative law across various jurisdictions.
Copyright (c) 2025 Awik Tamaroh, Syahrul Borman, Muhammad Yustino Aribawa, Vieta Imelda Cornelis https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0
PERTANGGUNGJAWABAN PIDANA TERHADAP PELAKU KECELAKAAN LALU LINTAS YANG MENGAKIBATKAN ORANG LAIN MENINGGAL DUNIA BERDASARKAN PUTUSAN NOMOR 73/PID.SUD/2025/PN SBY
A traffic accident is an unintentional accident on the road involving vehicles with or without other road users, resulting in human casualties and/or property damage. Human casualties include vehicle drivers, vehicle passengers, and/or other road users. Traffic accidents are classified into three categories: minor traffic accidents that only result in damage to vehicles/property, moderate traffic accidents that result in minor injuries and damage to vehicles/property, and finally, serious traffic accidents that result in fatalities or serious injuries. The main issue is: What is the criminal liability of the perpetrator of a traffic accident that causes the death of another person based on Case No. 73/Pid. Sus/2025/PN Sby and what are the judges' considerations in their decision on traffic accidents that result in the death of others based on Case Number 73/Pid.Sus/2025/PN Sby?. The approach used in this study is a normative juridical approach. The normative juridical approach uses legislation, examining all laws and regulations related to the legal issues being addressed. The conceptual approach departs from the views and doctrines that have developed in legal science. Research Results As a result of the defendant's negligence, the victim, Iqbaldi Radhiyallah, died. Therefore, in case number 73/Pid.Sus/2025/PN Sby, the criminal offence of driving a motor vehicle whose negligence caused a traffic accident resulting in the death of another person, the judge convicted the defendant under Article 310 paragraph (4) of Law Number 22 of 2009 concerning Road Traffic and Transportation and sentenced the defendant SI to 2 (two) years and 2 (two) months imprisonment and a fine of Rp. 6,000,000 (six million rupiah).
Copyright (c) 2025 Dedi Dwi Laksono, Subekti, Nur Handayati, Wahyu Prawesthi https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0
IMPLEMENTASI KEBIJAKAN PERATURAN DAERAH KOTA SERANG NOMOR 2 TAHUN 2010 DALAM MENANGANI PENGEMIS DI KOTA SERANG
The phenomenon of increasing the number of beggars in the public space of Serang City reflects the weak effectiveness of the implementation of Serang City Regional Regulation Number 2 of 2010 concerning the Prevention, Eradication, and Control of Community Diseases. This study aims to describe the implementation of the policy and identify the obstacles faced by the Regional Government in its implementation. This research uses a descriptive qualitative method. The data collection technique was carried out through observation, interviews and documentation of informants from the Social Service, Satpol PP, beggars and the people of Serang City. The results of the study show that policy implementation is still not optimal, characterized by weak coordination between agencies, lack of human resources and budget, low intensity of socialization to the community, and low public awareness in complying with regulations. In addition, social rehabilitation programs for beggars have not been effective and tend to be charitative, so they have not touched the root of the problem. This study recommends the need to improve cross-sector coordination, optimize socialization, a sustainable empowerment approach, and firm and measurable law enforcement. These findings are expected to be evaluation material for local governments in formulating a more humane, sustainable, and participatory strategy for handling beggars
Copyright (c) 2025 Rama Handito, Gatot Hartoko, Eli Apud Saepudin https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0
KEWENANGAN KOMISI YUDISIAL DALAM PENGUSULAN PENGANGKATAN HAKIM AGUNG DIHUBUNGKAN DENGAN PASAL 71 UNDANG-UNDANG NOMOR 17 TAHUN 2014
This study examines the ineffectiveness of the authority of the Judicial Commission in proposing the appointment of supreme court justices due to the practice of the House of Representatives of the Republic of Indonesia which is still conducting a fit and proper test, even though the Constitutional Court Decision Number 27/PUU-XI/2013 has limited the authority of the House of Representatives of the Republic of Indonesia to give approval. This has led to politicization in the process of appointing supreme court justices which has the potential to disrupt the independence of the judiciary. The purpose of this study is to analyze the mechanism of consideration of the House of Representatives in giving approval to candidates for supreme court justices, the existence of the Judicial Commission in proposing supreme court justices, and the effectiveness of the implementation of the authority of the Judicial Commission in relation to Article 71 of Law Number 17 of 2014. The research method uses a qualitative approach with a normative juridical method. Data was collected through literature studies and interviews, then analyzed descriptively analytically. The results of the study show that: (1) the consideration mechanism of the House of Representatives of the Republic of Indonesia still refers to old provisions that are contrary to the Constitutional Court's decision; (2) the existence of the Judicial Commission can be strengthened through the implementation of the Constitutional Court's decision No. 27/PUU-XI/2013; (3) the effectiveness of the implementation of the authority of the Judicial Commission is considered ineffective because Article 71 of the MD3 Law in practice still opens up room for political intervention. It is necessary to improve regulations and strengthen the authority of the Judicial Commission to realize the appointment of independent and qualified supreme court judges.
Copyright (c) 2025 Dini Inasyah Alfaridah,Dina Aisyah Alfarijah https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0
MODEL MANAJEMEN HUBUNGAN MASYARAKAT (HUMAS) BERBASIS WEBSITE PENGOLAHAN INFORMASI PUBLIK DI DINAS KOMUNIKASI DAN INFORMATIKA KABUPATEN BONE BOLANGO
This study aims to examine the Website-Based Public Relations Management Model (PR) in public information management at the Communication and Information Office of Bone Bolango Regency. The research uses a descriptive qualitative method. This study found that the applied model is not fully optimal. In terms of planning, the Agency has prepared a plan for delivering public information, mapping the needs of the community, and planning website development and how to overcome the shortage of information management human resources. This step answers problems related to the lack of human resources and public relations training that has not been routinely carried out. The organizational indicators are also quite good. The agency has established a website management team structure, dividing roles between information managers, IT teams, and public relations teams, and involving various parties in the information delivery process. However, in implementation, the results are still not optimal. Information has not been conveyed evenly, especially in blank spot areas and areas without WiFi access. Although social media and portals have been used effectively, routine training for the PR team has not yet been implemented. In the evaluation, the Agency does not yet have a comprehensive system to measure the effectiveness of information delivery, even though success indicators have been prepared. This obstacle needs to be overcome to improve the quality of public information management
Copyright (c) 2025 Abdul Kadir Pakaya, Srihandayani Suprapto, Muh. Firyal Akbar https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0
PERAN KEPOLISIAN DALAM PENEGAKAN HUKUM TINDAK PIDANA ANAK YANG MEMAKAI NARKOBA (STUDI KASUS DI WILAYAH HUKUM POLRES NGAWI)
This study examines the role of Ngawi Resort Police (Polres Ngawi) in law enforcement concerning children involved in drug abuse and trafficking. Children are a vital asset for national development and require special protection from threats such as narcotics. The issue of narcotics abuse now transcends age boundaries, with children often targeted due to their impressionable curiosity. Key legal frameworks include Indonesian Law No. 11 of 2012 on the Juvenile Criminal Justice System and Indonesian Law No. 35 of 2014, an amendment to Law No. 23 of 2002, concerning Child Protection. This research aims to analyze the preventive and preemptive efforts, as well as the application of diversion, restorative justice, and rehabilitation implemented by Polres Ngawi. The findings indicate that Polres Ngawi employs legal education in schools and community-based early detection as primary preventive and preemptive measures. In handling child offenders, Polres Ngawi prioritizes diversion, restorative justice, and rehabilitation to avoid formal judicial processes and facilitate comprehensive recovery. Recommendations include strengthening cross-sectoral coordination, enhancing human resource capacity for facilitators, educating communities on alternative child handling approaches, optimizing access to rehabilitation facilities, empowering local community actors, and continuously evaluating ongoing programs
Copyright (c) 2025 Redho Rachmad Hadi Kusuma, Hartoyo Hartoyo, Dedi Wardana Nasoetion https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0
KEWENANGAN OPERATOR TERMINAL DALAM PENGAWASAN DAN PENINDAKAN TERHADAP ANGKUTAN LIAR
This research is motivated by the prevalence of illegal transportation operating without official permits within and around public terminals, disrupting order and safety in land transportation. The research problems include: (1) the authority of terminal operators in supervising illegal transportation, and (2) the legal sanctions applicable to illegal transportation within and outside the terminal. This study employs a normative legal research method using statutory and conceptual approaches. The findings indicate that the authority of terminal operators is administrative in nature, limited to checking administrative completeness and operational arrangements, without repressive authority to impose criminal sanctions directly. The main obstacles identified include regulatory gaps, overlapping authorities among institutions, limited facilities and human resources, and weak inter-agency coordination. This research recommends strengthening the legal basis of terminal operators’ authority, enhancing inter-agency coordination, and reformulating integrated supervision policies to achieve orderly, safe, and law-based public transportation
Copyright (c) 2025 Ugen Cahyo Widodo, M.Syahrul Borman, Nur Hidayati https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0
JURIDICAL ANALYSIS OF THE FULFILLMENT OF RIGHTS AND ACCOMMODATIONS FOR PERSONS WITH DISABILITIES IN CORRECTIONAL INSTITUTIONS
This literature study aims to critically analyze the fulfillment of rights, provision of reasonable accommodation, and the inclusiveness of rehabilitation programs for persons with disabilities in Indonesian correctional institutions. Employing a qualitative normative legal research method, this study examines international conventions, national legislation, and empirical reports. The findings reveal a significant normative-progressive yet implementative-deficient landscape. Indonesia has established a strong legal framework through the ratification of the Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities (CRPD) and the enactment of Law Number 8 of 2016 concerning Persons with Disabilities, which mandate non-discrimination and reasonable accommodation. However, the factual conditions in prisons are starkly different. Physical facilities largely remain inaccessible, health and social services are not inclusively designed, and rehabilitation programs fail to accommodate specific needs, thereby perpetuating discrimination and hindering effective social reintegration. The study concludes that without translating legal mandates into detailed operational standards, adequate budgeting, and comprehensive training for correctional staff, the rights of incarcerated persons with disabilities will remain unrealized. It recommends the urgent development of a standardized service protocol, enhanced independent monitoring, and strategic partnerships to foster inclusive correctional practices.
Copyright (c) 2025 Sarwo Waskito, Rio Saputra, Novritsar Hasitongan Pakpahan, Rafadi Khan Khayru, Kurnia Wijaya https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0
MIGRASI PASCA-PERANG DUNIA II DAN MULTIKULTURALISME DI AUSTRALIA
This study examines the role of post-World War II migration and cultural globalization in shaping Australia’s national and regional identity. The end of World War II marked a critical turning point in Australia’s demographic and policy orientation, particularly through the expansion of immigration programs and the gradual dismantling of the White Australia Policy. Drawing upon a qualitative descriptive approach with a historical-analytical method, this research analyzes secondary data from academic literature, policy documents, and international reports to explore the interplay between migration flows, global cultural exchanges, and identity construction. The findings reveal that large-scale migration not only transformed Australia’s demographic composition but also facilitated the emergence of multiculturalism as a defining feature of its national identity. Through processes of cultural interaction, adaptation, and hybridization, migrants contributed to the formation of new social practices and urban cultural landscapes. However, the study also highlights that the construction of a multicultural identity is neither linear nor uncontested. Persistent challenges such as racism, social exclusion, and unequal integration continue to shape the limits of multiculturalism in Australia. From a constructivist perspective in International Relations, this study argues that identity is socially constructed through historical processes, policy frameworks, and transnational interactions. Australia’s evolving identity reflects not only domestic transformations but also its repositioning within the Indo-Pacific region and the broader global order. By linking migration, globalization, and identity, this study contributes to a deeper understanding of how states negotiate internal diversity while projecting their identity externally in international relations.
Copyright (c) 2025 Irsyaad Suharyadi, Najwa Aziza Nahida https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0
TINDAK PIDANA PEMELIHARAAN SATWA INVASIF TANPA IZIN PADA KASUS IKAN ALIGATOR (Studi Putusan Pengadilan Negeri Malang Nomor 286/Pip.sus/2024/PN.Mlg)
The phenomenon of keeping invasive species, particularly alligator gar (Atractosteus spatula), has become a serious issue in the protection of Indonesia's aquatic ecosystems. The presence of this predatory species not only threatens local biodiversity but also poses ecological risks that are difficult to reverse if released into their natural habitat. The urgency of this research lies in the weak implementation of regulations despite the clear prohibition on keeping these species as pets, as stipulated in Ministry of Marine Affairs and Fisheries Regulation No. 19 of 2020. This study aims to examine how the court interprets the elements of the criminal act of keeping invasive species through a case study of Malang District Court Decision No. 286/Pid.Sus/2024/PN.Mlg, as well as to answer the question of the extent to which the decision reflects the principle of ecological justice. The method used is normative legal research with a conceptual and case approach. Data was collected through a review of court decisions, laws and regulations, and related scientific literature. The analysis was conducted prescriptively to examine the fulfilment of the elements of the offence, the judges' considerations, and the implications of the decision for ecosystem protection. The results of the study show that the panel of judges found all elements of the crime to be proven, including the defendant's intent to keep alligator fish without official permission. The judges applied the principle of strict liability and the principle of precaution, but the sanctions imposed were relatively light compared to the threats in the law. The discussion shows that there is a gap between normative threats and sentencing practices, so that the deterrent effect has not been achieved. These findings also confirm that the anthropocentric paradigm is still dominant in Indonesian environmental law, while ecocentric values have not been fully adopted. The conclusion of this study emphasises the need for legal paradigm reform towards ecological justice, increased consistency in sentencing, and preventive strategies based on education and online trade monitoring. Further research is recommended to explore the consistency of similar verdicts in various regions and to quantify ecological losses
Copyright (c) 2025 Moza Aprilya Dwi Azizah, Wahyu Prawesthi, Sri Sukmana Damayanti, Subekti https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0
PERLINDUNGAN HUKUM BAGI PT. DIGITAL COMMERCE INDONESIA (KONSUMEN ANTARA) ATAS WANPRESTASI PENGIRIMAN BARANG OLEH PT. ANDIARTA MUZIZAT
The development of digital commerce in Indonesia has made freight forwarding services a strategic sector in supporting the smooth distribution of products. However, delivery defaults often cause significant losses, not only for end consumers but also for intermediate consumers who act as intermediaries in the distribution chain. This study stems from the urgency of legal protection for intermediate consumers, which is still rarely discussed in consumer protection law studies. The main questions asked are how logistics service providers are legally responsible for delivery defaults and what form of legal protection is available for intermediate consumers within the framework of applicable regulations. This study uses a normative legal method with a legislative approach, a conceptual approach, and a case approach. The primary legal materials are laws and regulations such as the Civil Code, UUPK, and ITE Law, as well as South Jakarta District Court Decision Number 151/Pdt.G/2020/PN.Jak.Sel. Secondary legal materials are literature and academic publications, while tertiary legal materials are legal dictionaries and encyclopaedias. The analysis was conducted qualitatively by examining legal norms and their relevance to specific cases. The results of the study show that PT. Andiarta Muzizat was proven to have committed a breach of contract by not fulfilling its obligation to deliver goods based on COD, which resulted in material losses of Rp13.3 billion and immaterial losses in the form of a decline in the reputation of PT. Digital Commerce Indonesia. The court's decision affirmed the obligation of business actors to compensate for losses based on Article 1243 of the Civil Code and the principle of pacta sunt servanda. These findings demonstrate the need to strengthen legal protection for vulnerable consumers. The conclusion of the study emphasises that consumer protection must include consumers through the strengthening of regulations, supervision, and effective dispute resolution mechanisms. Further studies are recommended to explore the effectiveness of non-litigation settlements through the BPSK and the integration of electronic contracts in digital consumer protection.
Copyright (c) 2025 Mariana Astika, Subekti, Fitri Ayuningtiyas, Wahyu Prawesthi https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0
EFEKTIVITAS STRATEGI PELATIHAN CALON TENAGA KERJA DI BALAI BESAR PELATIHAN VOKASI DAN PRODUKTIVITAS (BBPVP) SERANG
The purpose of this research is to assess the training strategy implemented by BBPVP Serang to maximize the training of prospective workers so that participants are fully prepared for industrial absorption. Training strategies also play a crucial role in reducing unemployment in Indonesia, particularly in Banten. This study employed qualitative methods, using techniques for data collection including observation, interviews, and documentation studies. This research utilized Sutrisno's (2010) Theory of Effectiveness, which has five indicators for assessing program effectiveness: program understanding, targeting accuracy, timeliness, goal achievement, and tangible change. The results indicate that the training program organized by BBPVP Serang is not fully effective, as evidenced by the suboptimal workforce absorption. The lack of industry involvement in developing the training strategy leads to low workforce absorption. Limited training hours also make the training less than optimal. However, there are also supporting factors that contribute to the strategy's effectiveness in workforce distribution, such as industry involvement, such as instructor involvement, training duration, and an industry-focused curriculum. This research also emphasizes how the strategy can have a more effective impact on training participants so that after the training is held, the participants can be channeled well.
Copyright (c) 2025 Ila Nursapial, Gatot Hatroko, Dede Qodrat Al Wajir https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0
PELAKSANAAN INSPEKSI RAMP CHECK ANGKUTAN UMUM DI TERMINAL TIPE B WILAYAH UPT PPP MALANG BERDASARKAN UNDANG-UNDANG NOMOR 22 TAHUN 2009 TENTANG LALU LINTAS DAN ANGKUTAN JALAN
The purpose of this study was to determine whether the Ramp Check inspections conducted by the Malang PPP Technical Implementation Unit (UPT) on public transport vehicles were in accordance with Road Traffic and Transportation Law No. 22 of 2009. As mandated by law, the main objective was to determine the extent to which these inspections ensured vehicle safety and roadworthiness. Problems with human resources, equipment, and inter-agency cooperation are some of the issues revealed by this study's examination. Government Regulation No. 79 of 2013 and Ministerial Regulation No. 132 of 2015 provide a clear legal basis; however, the analysis concludes that the implementation of inspections at Malang Type B Terminal is not ideal. This report further details the existing regulatory obstacles and offers suggestions on how to strengthen the inspection system. It concludes with recommendations on how to address issues with operational processes and law enforcement to improve regulatory compliance. The ultimate goal of this study is to help improve the Ramp Check system, which will result in safer roads and better public transport in Malang
Copyright (c) 2025 Yeppy Setiawan, Siti Marwiyah, Ernu Widodo https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0
POLITIK HUKUM TERHADAP KEABSAHAN AKTA NOTARIIL RAPAT UMUM PEMEGANG SAHAM ELEKTRONIK (E-RUPS) PERUSAHAAN BERDASARKAN POJK NOMOR 16/POJK.04/2020
The development of information technology has driven a major transformation in corporate governance, including in the implementation of General Meetings of Shareholders (GMS) of public companies. The Financial Services Authority (OJK) issued OJK Regulation Number 16/POJK.04/2020 concerning the Implementation of Electronic General Meetings of Shareholders of Public Companies (E-GMS) in response to the need for efficiency and the extraordinary conditions of the COVID-19 pandemic. However, there are legal problems regarding the validity of notarial deeds resulting from E-GMS, particularly in the context of fulfilling the authenticity requirements as stipulated in the Notary Law (UUJN). This paper aims to analyze the validity of notarial deeds E-GMS based on the Indonesian positive legal system, as well as review the legal political aspects of the formation of the POJK. The research method used is normative legal research with a statute approach and a conceptual approach. The results of the study indicate that the E-RUPS deed has the potential to lose its authentic nature if it does not fulfill the requirements for the physical presence of the parties as stipulated in Article 16 paragraph (1) letter m of the UUJN, even though it is administratively recognized by the OJK. Therefore, it is necessary to strengthen legal norms that guarantee the authenticity of electronic deeds in the context of digital notaries in the future.
Copyright (c) 2025 Dina Aisyah Alfarijah, Dini Inasyah Alfaridah https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0
PENCEGAHAN SECARA DINI PENGGUNAAN ZAT NARKOTIKA BAGI KALANGAN GENERASI MUDA DI KOTA MOJOKERTO
Objective Drug abuse is a serious threat that can destroy the younger generation as the future leaders of the nation. The city of Mojokerto, as a strategic area, is not immune to the circulation and abuse of drugs among teenagers. This study aims to analyze early prevention efforts against drug use among the younger generation in Mojokerto City, emphasizing the role of families, educational institutions, law enforcement agencies, and the community. The research method used is an empirical juridical approach with data collection techniques through interviews, observation, and documentation. The results of the study show that early prevention can be carried out through three main aspects, namely education, supervision, and synergistic law enforcement. The obstacles encountered include a lack of awareness among the younger generation, weak parental supervision, and limited rehabilitation facilities in the area. Thus, early prevention of drug abuse in Mojokerto City requires ongoing collaboration between families, schools, police, and local government
Copyright (c) 2025 Pri Agung Satriawan, Noenik Soekorini, Moh. Taufik https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0
COLLABORATIVE GOVERNANCE PENYELENGGARAAN INFRASTRUKTUR JARINGAN UTILITAS DI KOTA TANGERANG
This study explores Collaborative Governance in the Management of Utility Network Infrastructure in Tangerang City, focusing on the interaction between local government and the private sector in managing utility networks. The research employs a qualitative approach, collecting data through in-depth interviews with key stakeholders, including the Public Works and Spatial Planning Agency (PUPR), the Regional Development Planning Agency, the Investment and One-Stop Integrated Services Agency, the Transportation Agency, the Civil Service Police Unit, and representatives from private sector utility providers. The findings indicate that Collaborative Governance in utility infrastructure management in Tangerang City faces several challenges, including lack of initial coordination, differences in regulatory interpretation, and difficulties in policy integration between agencies and the private sector. However, several strategies have been implemented to enhance cooperation, such as improving cross-sector communication, aligning regulations, and utilizing digital technology for planning and monitoring utility network infrastructure. The study concludes that the success of Collaborative Governance heavily depends on active stakeholder involvement, transparency in policymaking, and a shared commitment to sustaining utility infrastructure. Therefore, a more structured and participatory approach is needed in planning and implementation to create a more efficient, inclusive, and sustainable utility network system in Tangerang City.
Copyright (c) 2025 Asep Sugara, Esaka Pratala, Yudi Nur Supriyadi, AA Chaerul Syamsudin https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0
TANGGUNG JAWAB PERUSAHAAN ANGKUTAN UMUM ATAS KECELAKAAN PENUMPANG
This study was motivated by the importance of legal protection for passengers as consumers of public transportation services, especially in relation to the responsibility of transportation companies in the event of an accident. The research question in this study is what form of responsibility public transportation companies have for accidents that befall passengers and what legal measures passengers can take to obtain compensation. The method used is normative juridical research with a legislative and conceptual approach. The results show that public transportation companies have full responsibility for passenger safety from departure to arrival at their destination, in accordance with Law Number 22 of 2009 concerning Road Traffic and Transportation and the Civil Code. Passengers who suffer losses due to accidents have the right to claim compensation through civil, criminal, or administrative mechanisms in accordance with the level of fault committed. Thus, the role of public transportation companies is very important in providing legal certainty, protection, and a sense of security for the community who use transportation services
Copyright (c) 2025 Sugiono Sugiono, Sri Astutik, Bachrul Amiq https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0
KONSTRUKSI UNSUR DELIK PENIPUAN DAN KECUKUPAN PERTANGGUNGJAWABAN PIDANA DALAM DUGAAN PENYALAHGUNAAN DANA UMRAH: STUDI NORMATIF-EMPIRIS ATAS KASUS SLV TRAVEL DI MAKASSAR
Umrah as a religious activity with high spiritual value has grown rapidly alongside increasing public demand for religious travel services in Indonesia. However, the expansion of this industry has not always been accompanied by adequate governance and supervision, leading to alleged misuse of pilgrims’ funds that may be legally classified as fraud. This study addresses three main questions: (1) how the elements of “deceit” and “a series of lies” are constructed in the alleged fraud of SLV Travel under Article 378 of the Indonesian Criminal Code (KUHP); (2) whether the criminal liability framework in the KUHP and Law Number 8 of 2019 on the Implementation of Hajj and Umrah is sufficient to ensure legal protection and recovery of victims’ rights; and (3) what legal implications and policy recommendations can strengthen prevention and law enforcement mechanisms. Using a normative-empirical approach, the study finds that doctrinally the pattern of conduct in the SLV Travel case potentially fulfills the elements of fraud under Article 378 KUHP. Nevertheless, although the punitive framework is adequate to prosecute offenders, the system remains predominantly retributive and has not optimally ensured effective victim compensation. The novelty of this research lies in its analysis of the construction of fraud elements at the pre-adjudicative stage and its integrative evaluation of criminal law and sectoral umrah regulation. Its contribution is the proposal of a preventive–repressive model oriented toward victim protection through risk-based supervision, segregation of pilgrims’ funds, and the integration of restitution within criminal proceedings.
Copyright (c) 2025 Amran https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0
TINJAUAN PENGENDALIAN HAMA TIKUS PADA TANAMAN PADI MA’HAD AL-ZAYTUN PERSPEKTIF UNDANG-UNDANG NOMOR 32 TAHUN 2024 DAN MAQASHID SYARIAH
Food is a basic need and a human right essential for national stability. Rice, as the primary source, plays a strategic role in Indonesia's food security. Rice production declined in 2021 due to land degradation, climate change, and pest attacks, particularly the rice field rat, which is the most destructive pest. This study evaluates ecologically based rat pest control in accordance with Law No. 32 of 2024 and the principles of maqashid sharia at Ma'had Al-Zaytun, which implements sustainable agriculture, to provide effective recommendations for increasing rice productivity and preserving the ecosystem. The purpose of this study is to examine rat pest control in rice fields at Ma'had Al-Zaytun from the perspective of Law No. 32 of 2024 and Maqashid Sharia. This research uses a normative legal approach or literature study. The data used include primary sources: Law No. 32 of 2024, the book "Bioecology and Control of Rice Field Rats" by Sudarmaji, the book "Hifdh Al-Bi’ah as part of Maqasid Al-Shari’ah: Yusuf Al-Qardawy’s perspective on the environment in Ri’ayat al-Bi’ah fi Shari’ah al-Islam book" by Ahmad Sarip Saputra, et al., the book "Panorama Maqashid Syariah" by Dr. Sutisna et al., and the book "Al-Zaytun Sumber Inspirasi" by Drs. Ch. Robin Simanullang, as well as Al-Zaytun Magazine, edition 49, 2008, and the book "Mengenal Aneka Komoditas Tanaman Pertanian di Ma'had Al-Zaytun" by Sobirin, S.P., M.Pd., et al., and strengthened by secondary data, namely journals, books, and related articles. Data were collected through finding, organizing, and editing techniques, then analyzed using content analysis methods. To ensure data validity, triangulation, member checking, and expert opinion were used. The results of this study are: (1) Control of rat pests in rice plants at Ma'had Al-Zaytun from the perspective of Article 4 of Law Number 32 of 2024 is through a strategy of conserving biological resources and ecosystems for controlling rat pests. This practice not only reflects institutional ecological awareness, but also demonstrates a model of sustainable agricultural practices that integrate biological conservation principles with the national legal framework. (2) Control of rat pests in rice plants at Ma'had Al-Zaytun from the perspective of Maqashid Syariah is by implementing hifdz al-nafs, namely protecting humans from health risks, and hifdz al-bi'ah, namely preserving the environment through a non-chemical approach. In other words, this practice is a concrete form of actualizing Islamic teachings in a sustainable agricultural system
Copyright (c) 2025 Ali Sodikin, Siti Ngainnur Rohmah, Munawir Sajali https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0
PARADIGMA BARU HUKUMAN MATI: ANALISIS SUBSTANTIF KUHP DAN KUHP NASIONAL
The death penalty is one of the principal forms of punishment that has long been implemented in the Indonesian criminal justice system. The increasing number of criminal offenses each year in Indonesia is one of the reasons behind the government's initiative to reform the Indonesian Criminal Code (KUHP). One of the key issues in the new KUHP Nasional (National Criminal Code) is the reformulation of death penalty provisions, which allows for the postponement of execution in cases where the convict demonstrates significant behavioral improvement. This study aims to (1) analyze the substantive regulation of the death penalty in the KUHP and the new KUHP Nasional; and (2) compare the normative approaches to the death penalty in both legal frameworks. The research employs a normative legal research method and utilizes primary legal sources in the form of statutory regulations. The findings show that the KUHP treats the death penalty as a principal punishment without providing any alternative mechanisms, while the KUHP Nasional introduces a new, more humanistic paradigm that allows for conditional abolition based on the rehabilitation of the convict’s behavior.
Copyright (c) 2025 Humam Balya https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0
PERSEPSI DAN KEPATUHAN PEDAGANG KAKI LIMA TERHADAP PERATURAN DAERAH TENTANG KETERTIBAN UMUM DI KOTA BANDUNG
This study is motivated by the issue of street vendors’ (PKL) compliance with the Local Regulation (Perda) on Public Order in Bandung City, which often creates tension between the local government and the community. The research aims to analyze street vendors’ perceptions of the regulation, their compliance levels, and the factors influencing the relationship between the two. A mixed-method approach was applied, combining quantitative data from a 3-point Likert questionnaire distributed to 40 street vendors located in Alun-Alun Bandung, Jalan Pasteur, Cicadas, and Tegalega, with qualitative data obtained from in-depth interviews. The results indicate that the majority of street vendors hold negative perceptions of the regulation, particularly regarding fairness and its impact on their income. Quantitative findings reveal that only 25% of respondents show positive perceptions, while 75% remain negative. Compliance levels are also low: only 30% of respondents adequately follow zoning and cleanliness rules, while most often violate operating hours and stall placement. Qualitative findings further highlight that the manner of enforcement by officers and lack of effective socialization contribute to this low compliance. The study concludes that negative perceptions are directly related to lower compliance with the regulation. Therefore, it is recommended that the local government adopt a more humanistic and participatory approach, enhance regulation socialization, provide alternative business spaces, train enforcement officers in persuasive communication, and involve street vendors in the policy-making process.
Copyright (c) 2025 Putri Indah Caturi, Hendrik Sudria Munawar, Eky Muhammad Mufthi https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0
ANALISIS KANDUNGAN FITOKIMIA DAN PROKSIMAT PADA RUMPUT LAUT COKLAT (Sargassum sp)
The brown seaweed Sargassum sp., belonging to the class Phaeophyceae, is one of the most common brown algae found in the coastal waters of Fiditan Village, North Dullah District. This brown seaweed typically grows in clear waters with high salinity and good water circulation. It is widely utilized and favored by the local community. However, the phytochemical and proximate composition analyses of seaweed from this area have not yet been conducted. The purpose of this study was to analyze the phytochemical and proximate contents of the brown seaweed Sargassum sp. from the class Phaeophyceae. The research employed a laboratory experimental method, and data were analyzed descriptively using IBM SPSS version 23. The results showed that the brown seaweed contains alkaloids, terpenoids, steroids, phenolics, and saponins, which are known as natural antioxidants. Meanwhile, the proximate analysis revealed that the seaweed contains 8.03% carbohydrates, 73.3% moisture, 0.45% protein, and 5.09% ash content. These values meet the Indonesian National Standard (SNI) for fresh seaweed, indicating good quality.
Copyright (c) 2025 Nurainy Kaliky,Rifaldi A Atnangar https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0
This normative juridical study analyzes the supervision of public transportation in terminals as an implementation of the state's constitutional duty to provide safe and high-quality public services. The research examines the legal basis, authority, and supervisory mechanisms regulated by Law No. 22 of 2009 on Road Traffic and Transport and other relevant regulations. The analysis reveals that while the regulatory framework is comprehensive, the effectiveness of field supervision faces significant challenges. Primary issues include inconsistent law enforcement, limited resources, and insufficient inter-agency coordination, all of which impede the core objectives of supervision: safety and order. These findings recommend a necessary transformation in the supervisory approach, specifically through the digitalization of processes, strengthened sanctions, and enhanced synergy among authorities. These measures are critical for addressing legal and implementation gaps, ensuring legal certainty, and protecting the rights of public transport users
Copyright (c) 2025 Sugeng Herianto, Ernu Widodo, Siti Marwiyah https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0
DISPARITAS KEWENANGAN PENGAJUAN PERMOHONAN KEPAILITAN DAN PKPU PASCA BERLAKUNYA UNDANG-UNDANG NOMOR 1 TAHUN 2025 TENTANG BUMN STUDI KRITIS TERHADAP KEDUDUKAN DANANTARA DAN PASAL 2 AYAT (5) UNDANG-UNDANG KEPAILITAN DAN PKPU
This study is entitled “Disparities in the Authority to File for Bankruptcy and PKPU after the Enactment of Law Number 1 of 2025 concerning State-Owned Enterprises: A Critical Study of the Position and Article 2 Paragraph (5) of the Bankruptcy and PKPU Law”. This study was motivated by the strengthening of the state's role in the management of State-Owned Enterprises (SOEs) after the enactment of the 2025 SOE Law, which allows the state to have greater control over the financial management and debt restructuring of SOEs. The research method used is normative legal research, with a statute approach, case approach, and conceptual approach. Data collection techniques were carried out through library research with primary legal materials in the form of the 2025 SOE Law, Law No. 37 of 2004 concerning Bankruptcy and PKPU, as well as related court decisions; secondary legal materials in the form of books, scientific journals, academic articles, and previous research. The analysis was conducted using a prescriptive-analytical qualitative approach to assess legal norms and legal policy implications in depth. The results of the study show that after the 2025 SOE Law, there is a significant disparity in authority between SOEs and private creditors, whereby the filing of bankruptcy and PKPU petitions has become more dependent on state approval. This creates legal uncertainty for creditors, potential moral hazard incentives for SOE managers, and the risk of undermining the principles of equality before the law and fair business competition. In terms of legal politics, state dominance can lead to a shift in interests from private rights to national stability, which requires transparent mechanisms and clear legal procedures. The conclusion of this study emphasizes that the legal treatment of SOEs must be proportional, maintaining a balance between public interests and private creditor rights, and minimizing legal and market distortions. This study presents a new perspective on the long-term implications of the 2025 SOE Law on the bankruptcy and PKPU systems, which is an important contribution to Indonesian economic law literature.
Copyright (c) 2025 Doni Romdoni Saputra, Fenny Wulandari https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0
DIVERSI DALAM PENYELESAIAN KASUS NARKOBA YANG MELIBATKAN ANAK YANG BERKONFLIK DENGAN HUKUM
The high number of narcotics crimes involving minors has created a dilemma between law enforcement and child protection. The problem addressed in this study is how diversion is applied in the settlement of child drug cases and the challenges faced in its implementation. This study uses a normative juridical method with a legislative and conceptual approach. The results show that although the RJ approach has been accommodated in the juvenile justice system in Indonesia through Law Number 11 of 2012 concerning the Juvenile Criminal Justice System, its implementation in drug cases still faces many obstacles. These obstacles include a lack of understanding of RJ principles among law enforcement officials, resistance from the community, and the absence of clear technical guidelines on the application of RJ to narcotics cases. In addition, the repressive nature of narcotics laws poses a normative obstacle to harmonizing the approaches of criminal punishment and restorative justice. This study recommends the synchronization of regulations and the improvement of legal resources so that the implementation of RJ for children involved in drug cases can be carried out optimally
Copyright (c) 2025 Achmad Eric Machbuby, Noenik Soekorini, Renda Aranggraeni https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0
HUBUNGAN PEMERINTAH PUSAT DAN DAERAH DALAM PEMBANGUNAN INFRASTRUKTUR JALAN DI KOTA TANGERANG
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font-family: 'Segoe UI Web (West European)', 'Segoe UI', -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, Roboto, 'Helvetica Neue', sans-serif; font-size: 14px; font-style: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: normal; orphans: 2; text-align: start; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; white-space: pre-wrap; background-color: transparent; text-decoration-thickness: initial; text-decoration-style: initial; text-decoration-color: initial;" data-is-focusable="true">to <span id="tgtAlignment_4" class="ts-alignment-element" style="color: #000000; font-family: 'Segoe UI Web (West European)', 'Segoe UI', -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, Roboto, 'Helvetica Neue', sans-serif; font-size: 14px; font-style: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: normal; orphans: 2; text-align: start; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; white-space: pre-wrap; background-color: transparent; text-decoration-thickness: initial; text-decoration-style: initial; text-decoration-color: initial;" data-is-focusable="true">analyze<span style="color: #000000; font-family: 'Segoe UI Web (West European)', 'Segoe UI', -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, Roboto, 'Helvetica Neue', sans-serif; font-size: 14px; font-style: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: normal; orphans: 2; text-align: start; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; white-space: pre-wrap; background-color: #eff6ff; text-decoration-thickness: initial; text-decoration-style: initial; text-decoration-color: initial;"> the <span id="tgtAlignment_5" class="ts-alignment-element" style="color: #000000; font-family: 'Segoe UI Web (West European)', 'Segoe UI', -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, Roboto, 'Helvetica Neue', sans-serif; font-size: 14px; font-style: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: normal; orphans: 2; text-align: start; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; white-space: pre-wrap; background-color: transparent; text-decoration-thickness: initial; text-decoration-style: initial; text-decoration-color: initial;" data-is-focusable="true">relationship <span id="tgtAlignment_6" class="ts-alignment-element" style="color: #000000; font-family: 'Segoe UI Web (West European)', 'Segoe UI', -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, Roboto, 'Helvetica Neue', sans-serif; font-size: 14px; font-style: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: normal; orphans: 2; text-align: start; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; white-space: pre-wrap; background-color: transparent; text-decoration-thickness: initial; text-decoration-style: initial; text-decoration-color: initial;" data-is-focusable="true">between <span id="tgtAlignment_7" class="ts-alignment-element" style="color: #000000; font-family: 'Segoe UI Web (West European)', 'Segoe UI', -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, Roboto, 'Helvetica Neue', sans-serif; font-size: 14px; font-style: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: normal; orphans: 2; text-align: start; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; white-space: pre-wrap; background-color: transparent; text-decoration-thickness: initial; text-decoration-style: initial; text-decoration-color: initial;" data-is-focusable="true">the <span id="tgtAlignment_8" class="ts-alignment-element" style="color: #000000; font-family: 'Segoe UI Web (West European)', 'Segoe UI', -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, Roboto, 'Helvetica Neue', sans-serif; font-size: 14px; font-style: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: normal; orphans: 2; text-align: start; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; white-space: pre-wrap; background-color: transparent; text-decoration-thickness: initial; text-decoration-style: initial; text-decoration-color: initial;" data-is-focusable="true">central <span id="tgtAlignment_9" class="ts-alignment-element" style="color: #000000; font-family: 'Segoe UI Web (West European)', 'Segoe UI', -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, Roboto, 'Helvetica Neue', sans-serif; font-size: 14px; font-style: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: normal; orphans: 2; text-align: start; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; white-space: pre-wrap; background-color: transparent; text-decoration-thickness: initial; text-decoration-style: initial; text-decoration-color: initial;" data-is-focusable="true">government <span id="tgtAlignment_10" class="ts-alignment-element" style="color: #000000; font-family: 'Segoe UI Web (West European)', 'Segoe UI', -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, Roboto, 'Helvetica Neue', sans-serif; font-size: 14px; font-style: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: normal; orphans: 2; text-align: start; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; white-space: pre-wrap; background-color: transparent; text-decoration-thickness: initial; text-decoration-style: initial; text-decoration-color: initial;" data-is-focusable="true">and <span id="tgtAlignment_11" class="ts-alignment-element" style="color: #000000; font-family: 'Segoe UI Web (West European)', 'Segoe UI', -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, Roboto, 'Helvetica Neue', sans-serif; font-size: 14px; font-style: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: normal; orphans: 2; text-align: start; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; white-space: pre-wrap; background-color: transparent; text-decoration-thickness: initial; text-decoration-style: initial; text-decoration-color: initial;" data-is-focusable="true">local <span id="tgtAlignment_12" class="ts-alignment-element" style="color: #000000; font-family: 'Segoe UI Web (West European)', 'Segoe UI', -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, Roboto, 'Helvetica Neue', sans-serif; font-size: 14px; font-style: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: normal; orphans: 2; text-align: start; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; white-space: pre-wrap; background-color: transparent; text-decoration-thickness: initial; text-decoration-style: initial; text-decoration-color: initial;" data-is-focusable="true">governments <span id="tgtAlignment_13" class="ts-alignment-element" style="color: #000000; font-family: 'Segoe UI Web (West European)', 'Segoe UI', -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, Roboto, 'Helvetica Neue', sans-serif; font-size: 14px; font-style: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: normal; orphans: 2; text-align: start; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; white-space: pre-wrap; background-color: transparent; text-decoration-thickness: initial; text-decoration-style: initial; text-decoration-color: initial;" data-is-focusable="true">in<span style="color: #000000; font-family: 'Segoe UI Web (West European)', 'Segoe UI', -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, Roboto, 'Helvetica Neue', sans-serif; font-size: 14px; font-style: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: normal; orphans: 2; text-align: start; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; white-space: pre-wrap; background-color: #eff6ff; text-decoration-thickness: initial; text-decoration-style: initial; text-decoration-color: initial;"> the <span id="tgtAlignment_14" class="ts-alignment-element" style="color: #000000; font-family: 'Segoe UI Web (West European)', 'Segoe UI', -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, Roboto, 'Helvetica Neue', sans-serif; font-size: 14px; font-style: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: normal; orphans: 2; text-align: start; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; white-space: pre-wrap; background-color: transparent; text-decoration-thickness: initial; text-decoration-style: initial; text-decoration-color: initial;" data-is-focusable="true">development <span id="tgtAlignment_15" class="ts-alignment-element" style="color: #000000; font-family: 'Segoe UI Web (West European)', 'Segoe UI', -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, Roboto, 'Helvetica Neue', sans-serif; font-size: 14px; font-style: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: normal; orphans: 2; text-align: start; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; white-space: pre-wrap; background-color: transparent; text-decoration-thickness: initial; text-decoration-style: initial; text-decoration-color: initial;" data-is-focusable="true">of <span id="tgtAlignment_16" class="ts-alignment-element" style="color: #000000; font-family: 'Segoe UI Web (West European)', 'Segoe UI', -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, Roboto, 'Helvetica Neue', sans-serif; font-size: 14px; font-style: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: normal; orphans: 2; text-align: start; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; white-space: pre-wrap; background-color: transparent; text-decoration-thickness: initial; text-decoration-style: initial; text-decoration-color: initial;" data-is-focusable="true">road <span id="tgtAlignment_17" class="ts-alignment-element" style="color: #000000; font-family: 'Segoe UI Web (West European)', 'Segoe UI', -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, Roboto, 'Helvetica Neue', sans-serif; font-size: 14px; font-style: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: normal; orphans: 2; text-align: start; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; white-space: pre-wrap; background-color: transparent; text-decoration-thickness: initial; text-decoration-style: initial; text-decoration-color: initial;" data-is-focusable="true">infrastructure <span id="tgtAlignment_18" class="ts-alignment-element" style="color: #000000; font-family: 'Segoe UI Web (West European)', 'Segoe UI', -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, Roboto, 'Helvetica Neue', sans-serif; font-size: 14px; font-style: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: normal; orphans: 2; text-align: start; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; white-space: pre-wrap; background-color: transparent; text-decoration-thickness: initial; text-decoration-style: initial; text-decoration-color: initial;" data-is-focusable="true">in <span id="tgtAlignment_19" class="ts-alignment-element" style="color: #000000; font-family: 'Segoe UI Web (West European)', 'Segoe UI', -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, Roboto, 'Helvetica Neue', sans-serif; font-size: 14px; font-style: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: normal; orphans: 2; text-align: start; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; white-space: pre-wrap; background-color: transparent; text-decoration-thickness: initial; text-decoration-style: initial; text-decoration-color: initial;" data-is-focusable="true">Tangerang <span id="tgtAlignment_20" class="ts-alignment-element" style="color: #000000; font-family: 'Segoe UI Web (West European)', 'Segoe UI', -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, Roboto, 'Helvetica Neue', sans-serif; font-size: 14px; font-style: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: normal; orphans: 2; text-align: start; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; white-space: pre-wrap; background-color: transparent; text-decoration-thickness: initial; text-decoration-style: initial; text-decoration-color: initial;" data-is-focusable="true">City<span id="tgtAlignment_21" class="ts-alignment-element" style="color: #000000; font-family: 'Segoe UI Web (West European)', 'Segoe UI', -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, Roboto, 'Helvetica Neue', sans-serif; font-size: 14px; font-style: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: normal; orphans: 2; text-align: start; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; white-space: pre-wrap; background-color: transparent; text-decoration-thickness: initial; text-decoration-style: initial; text-decoration-color: initial;" data-is-focusable="true">. <span id="tgtAlignment_22" class="ts-alignment-element" style="color: #000000; font-family: 'Segoe UI Web (West European)', 'Segoe UI', -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, Roboto, 'Helvetica Neue', sans-serif; font-size: 14px; font-style: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: normal; orphans: 2; text-align: start; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; white-space: pre-wrap; background-color: transparent; text-decoration-thickness: initial; text-decoration-style: initial; text-decoration-color: initial;" data-is-focusable="true">Road <span id="tgtAlignment_23" class="ts-alignment-element" style="color: #000000; font-family: 'Segoe UI Web (West European)', 'Segoe UI', -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, Roboto, 'Helvetica Neue', sans-serif; font-size: 14px; font-style: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: normal; orphans: 2; text-align: start; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; white-space: pre-wrap; background-color: transparent; text-decoration-thickness: initial; text-decoration-style: initial; text-decoration-color: initial;" data-is-focusable="true">construction <span id="tgtAlignment_24" class="ts-alignment-element" style="color: #000000; font-family: 'Segoe UI Web (West European)', 'Segoe UI', -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, Roboto, 'Helvetica Neue', sans-serif; font-size: 14px; font-style: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: normal; orphans: 2; text-align: start; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; white-space: pre-wrap; background-color: transparent; text-decoration-thickness: initial; text-decoration-style: initial; text-decoration-color: initial;" data-is-focusable="true">is <span id="tgtAlignment_25" class="ts-alignment-element" style="color: #000000; font-family: 'Segoe UI Web (West European)', 'Segoe UI', -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, Roboto, 'Helvetica Neue', sans-serif; font-size: 14px; font-style: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: normal; orphans: 2; text-align: start; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; white-space: pre-wrap; background-color: transparent; text-decoration-thickness: initial; text-decoration-style: initial; text-decoration-color: initial;" data-is-focusable="true">one <span id="tgtAlignment_26" class="ts-alignment-element" style="color: #000000; font-family: 'Segoe UI Web (West European)', 'Segoe UI', -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, Roboto, 'Helvetica Neue', sans-serif; font-size: 14px; font-style: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: normal; orphans: 2; text-align: start; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; white-space: pre-wrap; background-color: transparent; text-decoration-thickness: initial; text-decoration-style: initial; text-decoration-color: initial;" data-is-focusable="true">of <span id="tgtAlignment_27" class="ts-alignment-element" style="color: #000000; font-family: 'Segoe UI Web (West European)', 'Segoe UI', -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, Roboto, 'Helvetica Neue', sans-serif; font-size: 14px; font-style: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: normal; orphans: 2; text-align: start; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; white-space: pre-wrap; background-color: transparent; text-decoration-thickness: initial; text-decoration-style: initial; text-decoration-color: initial;" data-is-focusable="true">the <span id="tgtAlignment_28" class="ts-alignment-element" style="color: #000000; font-family: 'Segoe UI Web (West European)', 'Segoe UI', -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, Roboto, 'Helvetica Neue', sans-serif; font-size: 14px; font-style: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: normal; orphans: 2; text-align: start; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; white-space: pre-wrap; background-color: transparent; text-decoration-thickness: initial; text-decoration-style: initial; text-decoration-color: initial;" data-is-focusable="true">main <span id="tgtAlignment_29" class="ts-alignment-element" style="color: #000000; font-family: 'Segoe UI Web (West European)', 'Segoe UI', -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, Roboto, 'Helvetica Neue', sans-serif; font-size: 14px; font-style: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: normal; orphans: 2; text-align: start; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; white-space: pre-wrap; background-color: transparent; text-decoration-thickness: initial; text-decoration-style: initial; text-decoration-color: initial;" data-is-focusable="true">factors <span id="tgtAlignment_30" class="ts-alignment-element" style="color: #000000; font-family: 'Segoe UI Web (West European)', 'Segoe UI', -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, Roboto, 'Helvetica Neue', sans-serif; font-size: 14px; font-style: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: normal; orphans: 2; text-align: start; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; white-space: pre-wrap; background-color: transparent; text-decoration-thickness: initial; text-decoration-style: initial; text-decoration-color: initial;" data-is-focusable="true">in <span id="tgtAlignment_31" class="ts-alignment-element" style="color: #000000; font-family: 'Segoe UI Web (West European)', 'Segoe UI', -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, Roboto, 'Helvetica Neue', sans-serif; font-size: 14px; font-style: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: normal; orphans: 2; text-align: start; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; white-space: pre-wrap; background-color: transparent; text-decoration-thickness: initial; text-decoration-style: initial; text-decoration-color: initial;" data-is-focusable="true">improving <span id="tgtAlignment_32" class="ts-alignment-element" style="color: #000000; font-family: 'Segoe UI Web (West European)', 'Segoe UI', -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, Roboto, 'Helvetica Neue', sans-serif; font-size: 14px; font-style: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: normal; orphans: 2; text-align: start; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; white-space: pre-wrap; background-color: transparent; text-decoration-thickness: initial; text-decoration-style: initial; text-decoration-color: initial;" data-is-focusable="true">regional <span id="tgtAlignment_33" class="ts-alignment-element" style="color: #000000; font-family: 'Segoe UI Web (West European)', 'Segoe UI', -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, Roboto, 'Helvetica Neue', sans-serif; font-size: 14px; font-style: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: normal; orphans: 2; text-align: start; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; white-space: pre-wrap; background-color: transparent; text-decoration-thickness: initial; text-decoration-style: initial; text-decoration-color: initial;" data-is-focusable="true">connectivity<span id="tgtAlignment_34" class="ts-alignment-element" style="color: #000000; font-family: 'Segoe UI Web (West European)', 'Segoe UI', -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, Roboto, 'Helvetica Neue', sans-serif; font-size: 14px; font-style: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: normal; orphans: 2; text-align: start; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; white-space: pre-wrap; background-color: transparent; text-decoration-thickness: initial; text-decoration-style: initial; text-decoration-color: initial;" data-is-focusable="true">, <span id="tgtAlignment_35" class="ts-alignment-element" style="color: #000000; font-family: 'Segoe UI Web (West European)', 'Segoe UI', -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, Roboto, 'Helvetica Neue', sans-serif; font-size: 14px; font-style: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: normal; orphans: 2; text-align: start; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; white-space: pre-wrap; background-color: transparent; text-decoration-thickness: initial; text-decoration-style: initial; text-decoration-color: initial;" data-is-focusable="true">smoothing<span style="color: #000000; font-family: 'Segoe UI Web (West European)', 'Segoe UI', -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, Roboto, 'Helvetica Neue', sans-serif; font-size: 14px; font-style: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: normal; orphans: 2; text-align: start; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; white-space: pre-wrap; background-color: #eff6ff; text-decoration-thickness: initial; text-decoration-style: initial; text-decoration-color: initial;"> the <span id="tgtAlignment_36" class="ts-alignment-element" style="color: #000000; font-family: 'Segoe UI Web (West European)', 'Segoe UI', -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, Roboto, 'Helvetica Neue', sans-serif; font-size: 14px; font-style: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: normal; orphans: 2; text-align: start; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; white-space: pre-wrap; background-color: transparent; text-decoration-thickness: initial; text-decoration-style: initial; text-decoration-color: initial;" data-is-focusable="true">flow<span style="color: #000000; font-family: 'Segoe UI Web (West European)', 'Segoe UI', -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, Roboto, 'Helvetica Neue', sans-serif; font-size: 14px; font-style: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: normal; orphans: 2; text-align: start; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; white-space: pre-wrap; background-color: #eff6ff; text-decoration-thickness: initial; text-decoration-style: initial; text-decoration-color: initial;"> of <span id="tgtAlignment_37" class="ts-alignment-element" style="color: #000000; font-family: 'Segoe UI Web (West European)', 'Segoe UI', -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, Roboto, 'Helvetica Neue', sans-serif; font-size: 14px; font-style: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: normal; orphans: 2; text-align: start; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; white-space: pre-wrap; background-color: transparent; text-decoration-thickness: initial; text-decoration-style: initial; text-decoration-color: initial;" data-is-focusable="true">goods <span id="tgtAlignment_38" class="ts-alignment-element" style="color: #000000; font-family: 'Segoe UI Web (West European)', 'Segoe UI', -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, Roboto, 'Helvetica Neue', sans-serif; font-size: 14px; font-style: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: normal; orphans: 2; text-align: start; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; white-space: pre-wrap; background-color: transparent; text-decoration-thickness: initial; text-decoration-style: initial; text-decoration-color: initial;" data-is-focusable="true">and <span id="tgtAlignment_39" class="ts-alignment-element" style="color: #000000; font-family: 'Segoe UI Web (West European)', 'Segoe UI', -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, Roboto, 'Helvetica Neue', sans-serif; font-size: 14px; font-style: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: normal; orphans: 2; text-align: start; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; white-space: pre-wrap; background-color: transparent; text-decoration-thickness: initial; text-decoration-style: initial; text-decoration-color: initial;" data-is-focusable="true">services<span id="tgtAlignment_40" class="ts-alignment-element" style="color: #000000; font-family: 'Segoe UI Web (West European)', 'Segoe UI', -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, Roboto, 'Helvetica Neue', sans-serif; font-size: 14px; font-style: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: normal; orphans: 2; text-align: start; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; white-space: pre-wrap; background-color: transparent; text-decoration-thickness: initial; text-decoration-style: initial; text-decoration-color: initial;" data-is-focusable="true">, <span id="tgtAlignment_41" class="ts-alignment-element" style="color: #000000; font-family: 'Segoe UI Web (West European)', 'Segoe UI', -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, Roboto, 'Helvetica Neue', sans-serif; font-size: 14px; font-style: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: normal; orphans: 2; text-align: start; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; white-space: pre-wrap; background-color: transparent; text-decoration-thickness: initial; text-decoration-style: initial; text-decoration-color: initial;" data-is-focusable="true">and <span id="tgtAlignment_42" class="ts-alignment-element" style="color: #000000; font-family: 'Segoe UI Web (West European)', 'Segoe UI', -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, Roboto, 'Helvetica Neue', sans-serif; font-size: 14px; font-style: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: normal; orphans: 2; text-align: start; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; white-space: pre-wrap; background-color: transparent; text-decoration-thickness: initial; text-decoration-style: initial; text-decoration-color: initial;" data-is-focusable="true">supporting <span id="tgtAlignment_43" class="ts-alignment-element" style="color: #000000; font-family: 'Segoe UI Web (West European)', 'Segoe UI', -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, Roboto, 'Helvetica Neue', sans-serif; font-size: 14px; font-style: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: normal; orphans: 2; text-align: start; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; white-space: pre-wrap; background-color: transparent; text-decoration-thickness: initial; text-decoration-style: initial; text-decoration-color: initial;" data-is-focusable="true">local <span id="tgtAlignment_44" class="ts-alignment-element" style="color: #000000; font-family: 'Segoe UI Web (West European)', 'Segoe UI', -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, Roboto, 'Helvetica Neue', sans-serif; font-size: 14px; font-style: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: normal; orphans: 2; text-align: start; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; white-space: pre-wrap; background-color: transparent; text-decoration-thickness: initial; text-decoration-style: initial; text-decoration-color: initial;" data-is-focusable="true">economic <span id="tgtAlignment_45" class="ts-alignment-element" style="color: #000000; font-family: 'Segoe UI Web (West European)', 'Segoe UI', -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, Roboto, 'Helvetica Neue', sans-serif; font-size: 14px; font-style: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: normal; orphans: 2; text-align: start; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; white-space: pre-wrap; background-color: transparent; text-decoration-thickness: initial; text-decoration-style: initial; text-decoration-color: initial;" data-is-focusable="true">growth<span id="tgtAlignment_46" class="ts-alignment-element" style="color: #000000; font-family: 'Segoe UI Web (West European)', 'Segoe UI', -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, Roboto, 'Helvetica Neue', sans-serif; font-size: 14px; font-style: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: normal; orphans: 2; text-align: start; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; white-space: pre-wrap; background-color: transparent; text-decoration-thickness: initial; text-decoration-style: initial; text-decoration-color: initial;" data-is-focusable="true">. <span id="tgtAlignment_47" class="ts-alignment-element" style="color: #000000; font-family: 'Segoe UI Web (West European)', 'Segoe UI', -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, Roboto, 'Helvetica Neue', sans-serif; font-size: 14px; font-style: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: normal; orphans: 2; text-align: start; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; white-space: pre-wrap; background-color: transparent; text-decoration-thickness: initial; text-decoration-style: initial; text-decoration-color: initial;" data-is-focusable="true">This <span id="tgtAlignment_48" class="ts-alignment-element" style="color: #000000; font-family: 'Segoe UI Web (West European)', 'Segoe UI', -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, Roboto, 'Helvetica Neue', sans-serif; font-size: 14px; font-style: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: normal; orphans: 2; text-align: start; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; white-space: pre-wrap; background-color: transparent; text-decoration-thickness: initial; text-decoration-style: initial; text-decoration-color: initial;" data-is-focusable="true">research <span id="tgtAlignment_49" class="ts-alignment-element" style="color: #000000; font-family: 'Segoe UI Web (West European)', 'Segoe UI', -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, Roboto, 'Helvetica Neue', sans-serif; font-size: 14px; font-style: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: normal; orphans: 2; text-align: start; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; white-space: pre-wrap; background-color: transparent; text-decoration-thickness: initial; text-decoration-style: initial; text-decoration-color: initial;" data-is-focusable="true">uses<span style="color: #000000; font-family: 'Segoe UI Web (West European)', 'Segoe UI', -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, Roboto, 'Helvetica Neue', sans-serif; font-size: 14px; font-style: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: normal; orphans: 2; text-align: start; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; white-space: pre-wrap; background-color: #eff6ff; text-decoration-thickness: initial; text-decoration-style: initial; text-decoration-color: initial;"> a <span id="tgtAlignment_50" class="ts-alignment-element" style="color: #000000; font-family: 'Segoe UI Web (West European)', 'Segoe UI', -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, Roboto, 'Helvetica Neue', sans-serif; font-size: 14px; font-style: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: normal; orphans: 2; text-align: start; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; white-space: pre-wrap; background-color: transparent; text-decoration-thickness: initial; text-decoration-style: initial; text-decoration-color: initial;" data-is-focusable="true">qualitative <span id="tgtAlignment_51" class="ts-alignment-element" style="color: #000000; font-family: 'Segoe UI Web (West European)', 'Segoe UI', -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, Roboto, 'Helvetica Neue', sans-serif; font-size: 14px; font-style: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: normal; orphans: 2; text-align: start; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; white-space: pre-wrap; background-color: transparent; text-decoration-thickness: initial; text-decoration-style: initial; text-decoration-color: initial;" data-is-focusable="true">descriptive <span id="tgtAlignment_52" class="ts-alignment-element" style="color: #000000; font-family: 'Segoe UI Web (West European)', 'Segoe UI', -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, Roboto, 'Helvetica Neue', sans-serif; font-size: 14px; font-style: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: normal; orphans: 2; text-align: start; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; white-space: pre-wrap; background-color: transparent; text-decoration-thickness: initial; text-decoration-style: initial; text-decoration-color: initial;" data-is-focusable="true">method <span id="tgtAlignment_53" class="ts-alignment-element" style="color: #000000; font-family: 'Segoe UI Web (West European)', 'Segoe UI', -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, Roboto, 'Helvetica Neue', sans-serif; font-size: 14px; font-style: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: normal; orphans: 2; text-align: start; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; white-space: pre-wrap; background-color: transparent; text-decoration-thickness: initial; text-decoration-style: initial; text-decoration-color: initial;" data-is-focusable="true">by <span id="tgtAlignment_54" class="ts-alignment-element" style="color: #000000; font-family: 'Segoe UI Web (West European)', 'Segoe UI', -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, Roboto, 'Helvetica Neue', sans-serif; font-size: 14px; font-style: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: normal; orphans: 2; text-align: start; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; white-space: pre-wrap; background-color: transparent; text-decoration-thickness: initial; text-decoration-style: initial; text-decoration-color: initial;" data-is-focusable="true">analyzing <span id="tgtAlignment_55" class="ts-alignment-element" style="color: #000000; font-family: 'Segoe UI Web (West European)', 'Segoe UI', -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, Roboto, 'Helvetica Neue', sans-serif; font-size: 14px; font-style: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: normal; orphans: 2; text-align: start; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; white-space: pre-wrap; background-color: transparent; text-decoration-thickness: initial; text-decoration-style: initial; text-decoration-color: initial;" data-is-focusable="true">various <span id="tgtAlignment_56" class="ts-alignment-element" style="color: #000000; font-family: 'Segoe UI Web (West European)', 'Segoe UI', -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, Roboto, 'Helvetica Neue', sans-serif; font-size: 14px; font-style: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: normal; orphans: 2; text-align: start; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; white-space: pre-wrap; background-color: transparent; text-decoration-thickness: initial; text-decoration-style: initial; text-decoration-color: initial;" data-is-focusable="true">policy <span id="tgtAlignment_57" class="ts-alignment-element" style="color: #000000; font-family: 'Segoe UI Web (West European)', 'Segoe UI', -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, Roboto, 'Helvetica Neue', sans-serif; font-size: 14px; font-style: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: normal; orphans: 2; text-align: start; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; white-space: pre-wrap; background-color: transparent; text-decoration-thickness: initial; text-decoration-style: initial; text-decoration-color: initial;" data-is-focusable="true">documents <span id="tgtAlignment_58" class="ts-alignment-element" style="color: #000000; font-family: 'Segoe UI Web (West European)', 'Segoe UI', -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, Roboto, 'Helvetica Neue', sans-serif; font-size: 14px; font-style: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: normal; orphans: 2; text-align: start; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; white-space: pre-wrap; background-color: transparent; text-decoration-thickness: initial; text-decoration-style: initial; text-decoration-color: initial;" data-is-focusable="true">and <span id="tgtAlignment_59" class="ts-alignment-element" style="color: #000000; font-family: 'Segoe UI Web (West European)', 'Segoe UI', -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, Roboto, 'Helvetica Neue', sans-serif; font-size: 14px; font-style: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: normal; orphans: 2; text-align: start; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; white-space: pre-wrap; background-color: transparent; text-decoration-thickness: initial; text-decoration-style: initial; text-decoration-color: initial;" data-is-focusable="true">government <span id="tgtAlignment_60" class="ts-alignment-element" style="color: #000000; font-family: 'Segoe UI Web (West European)', 'Segoe UI', -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, Roboto, 'Helvetica Neue', sans-serif; font-size: 14px; font-style: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: normal; orphans: 2; text-align: start; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; white-space: pre-wrap; background-color: transparent; text-decoration-thickness: initial; text-decoration-style: initial; text-decoration-color: initial;" data-is-focusable="true">reports<span id="tgtAlignment_61" class="ts-alignment-element" style="color: #000000; font-family: 'Segoe UI Web (West European)', 'Segoe UI', -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, Roboto, 'Helvetica Neue', sans-serif; font-size: 14px; font-style: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: normal; orphans: 2; text-align: start; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; white-space: pre-wrap; background-color: transparent; text-decoration-thickness: initial; text-decoration-style: initial; text-decoration-color: initial;" data-is-focusable="true">. <span id="tgtAlignment_62" class="ts-alignment-element" style="color: #000000; font-family: 'Segoe UI Web (West European)', 'Segoe UI', -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, Roboto, 'Helvetica Neue', sans-serif; font-size: 14px; font-style: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: normal; orphans: 2; text-align: start; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; white-space: pre-wrap; background-color: transparent; text-decoration-thickness: initial; text-decoration-style: initial; text-decoration-color: initial;" data-is-focusable="true">The <span id="tgtAlignment_63" class="ts-alignment-element" style="color: #000000; font-family: 'Segoe UI Web (West European)', 'Segoe UI', -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, Roboto, 'Helvetica Neue', sans-serif; font-size: 14px; font-style: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: normal; orphans: 2; text-align: start; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; white-space: pre-wrap; background-color: transparent; text-decoration-thickness: initial; text-decoration-style: initial; text-decoration-color: initial;" data-is-focusable="true">results <span id="tgtAlignment_64" class="ts-alignment-element" style="color: #000000; font-family: 'Segoe UI Web (West European)', 'Segoe UI', -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, Roboto, 'Helvetica Neue', sans-serif; font-size: 14px; font-style: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: normal; orphans: 2; text-align: start; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; white-space: pre-wrap; background-color: transparent; text-decoration-thickness: initial; text-decoration-style: initial; text-decoration-color: initial;" data-is-focusable="true">of <span id="tgtAlignment_65" class="ts-alignment-element" style="color: #000000; font-family: 'Segoe UI Web (West European)', 'Segoe UI', -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, Roboto, 'Helvetica Neue', sans-serif; font-size: 14px; font-style: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: normal; orphans: 2; text-align: start; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; white-space: pre-wrap; background-color: transparent; text-decoration-thickness: initial; text-decoration-style: initial; text-decoration-color: initial;" data-is-focusable="true">the <span id="tgtAlignment_66" class="ts-alignment-element" style="color: #000000; font-family: 'Segoe UI Web (West European)', 'Segoe UI', -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, Roboto, 'Helvetica Neue', sans-serif; font-size: 14px; font-style: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: normal; orphans: 2; text-align: start; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; white-space: pre-wrap; background-color: transparent; text-decoration-thickness: initial; text-decoration-style: initial; text-decoration-color: initial;" data-is-focusable="true">study <span id="tgtAlignment_67" class="ts-alignment-element" style="color: #000000; font-family: 'Segoe UI Web (West European)', 'Segoe UI', -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, Roboto, 'Helvetica Neue', sans-serif; font-size: 14px; font-style: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: normal; orphans: 2; text-align: start; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; white-space: pre-wrap; background-color: transparent; text-decoration-thickness: initial; text-decoration-style: initial; text-decoration-color: initial;" data-is-focusable="true">show <span id="tgtAlignment_68" class="ts-alignment-element" style="color: #000000; font-family: 'Segoe UI Web (West European)', 'Segoe UI', -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, Roboto, 'Helvetica Neue', sans-serif; font-size: 14px; font-style: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: normal; orphans: 2; text-align: start; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; white-space: pre-wrap; background-color: transparent; text-decoration-thickness: initial; text-decoration-style: initial; text-decoration-color: initial;" data-is-focusable="true">that <span id="tgtAlignment_69" class="ts-alignment-element" style="color: #000000; font-family: 'Segoe UI Web (West European)', 'Segoe UI', -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, Roboto, 'Helvetica Neue', sans-serif; font-size: 14px; font-style: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: normal; orphans: 2; text-align: start; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; white-space: pre-wrap; background-color: transparent; text-decoration-thickness: initial; text-decoration-style: initial; text-decoration-color: initial;" data-is-focusable="true">the <span id="tgtAlignment_70" class="ts-alignment-element" style="color: #000000; font-family: 'Segoe UI Web (West European)', 'Segoe UI', -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, Roboto, 'Helvetica Neue', sans-serif; font-size: 14px; font-style: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: normal; orphans: 2; text-align: start; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; white-space: pre-wrap; background-color: transparent; text-decoration-thickness: initial; text-decoration-style: initial; text-decoration-color: initial;" data-is-focusable="true">relationship <span id="tgtAlignment_71" class="ts-alignment-element" style="color: #000000; font-family: 'Segoe UI Web (West European)', 'Segoe UI', -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, Roboto, 'Helvetica Neue', sans-serif; font-size: 14px; font-style: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: normal; orphans: 2; text-align: start; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; white-space: pre-wrap; background-color: transparent; text-decoration-thickness: initial; text-decoration-style: initial; text-decoration-color: initial;" data-is-focusable="true">between <span id="tgtAlignment_72" class="ts-alignment-element" style="color: #000000; font-family: 'Segoe UI Web (West European)', 'Segoe UI', -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, Roboto, 'Helvetica Neue', sans-serif; font-size: 14px; font-style: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: normal; orphans: 2; text-align: start; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; white-space: pre-wrap; background-color: transparent; text-decoration-thickness: initial; text-decoration-style: initial; text-decoration-color: initial;" data-is-focusable="true">the <span id="tgtAlignment_73" class="ts-alignment-element" style="color: #000000; font-family: 'Segoe UI Web (West European)', 'Segoe UI', -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, Roboto, 'Helvetica Neue', sans-serif; font-size: 14px; font-style: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: normal; orphans: 2; text-align: start; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; white-space: pre-wrap; background-color: transparent; text-decoration-thickness: initial; text-decoration-style: initial; text-decoration-color: initial;" data-is-focusable="true">central <span id="tgtAlignment_74" class="ts-alignment-element" style="color: #000000; font-family: 'Segoe UI Web (West European)', 'Segoe UI', -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, Roboto, 'Helvetica Neue', sans-serif; font-size: 14px; font-style: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: normal; orphans: 2; text-align: start; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; white-space: pre-wrap; background-color: transparent; text-decoration-thickness: initial; text-decoration-style: initial; text-decoration-color: initial;" data-is-focusable="true">and <span id="tgtAlignment_75" class="ts-alignment-element" style="color: #000000; font-family: 'Segoe UI Web (West European)', 'Segoe UI', -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, Roboto, 'Helvetica Neue', sans-serif; font-size: 14px; font-style: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: normal; orphans: 2; text-align: start; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; white-space: pre-wrap; background-color: transparent; text-decoration-thickness: initial; text-decoration-style: initial; text-decoration-color: initial;" data-is-focusable="true">regional <span id="tgtAlignment_76" class="ts-alignment-element" style="color: #000000; font-family: 'Segoe UI Web (West European)', 'Segoe UI', -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, Roboto, 'Helvetica Neue', sans-serif; font-size: 14px; font-style: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: normal; orphans: 2; text-align: start; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; white-space: pre-wrap; background-color: transparent; text-decoration-thickness: initial; text-decoration-style: initial; text-decoration-color: initial;" data-is-focusable="true">governments <span id="tgtAlignment_77" class="ts-alignment-element" style="color: #000000; font-family: 'Segoe UI Web (West European)', 'Segoe UI', -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, Roboto, 'Helvetica Neue', sans-serif; font-size: 14px; font-style: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: normal; orphans: 2; text-align: start; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; white-space: pre-wrap; background-color: transparent; text-decoration-thickness: initial; text-decoration-style: initial; text-decoration-color: initial;" data-is-focusable="true">is <span id="tgtAlignment_78" class="ts-alignment-element" style="color: #000000; font-family: 'Segoe UI Web (West European)', 'Segoe UI', -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, Roboto, 'Helvetica Neue', sans-serif; font-size: 14px; font-style: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: normal; orphans: 2; text-align: start; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; white-space: pre-wrap; background-color: transparent; text-decoration-thickness: initial; text-decoration-style: initial; text-decoration-color: initial;" data-is-focusable="true">running <span id="tgtAlignment_79" class="ts-alignment-element" style="color: #000000; font-family: 'Segoe UI Web (West European)', 'Segoe UI', -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, Roboto, 'Helvetica Neue', sans-serif; font-size: 14px; font-style: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: normal; orphans: 2; text-align: start; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; white-space: pre-wrap; background-color: transparent; text-decoration-thickness: initial; text-decoration-style: initial; text-decoration-color: initial;" data-is-focusable="true">quite <span id="tgtAlignment_80" class="ts-alignment-element" style="color: #000000; font-family: 'Segoe UI Web (West European)', 'Segoe UI', -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, Roboto, 'Helvetica Neue', sans-serif; font-size: 14px; font-style: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: normal; orphans: 2; text-align: start; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; white-space: pre-wrap; background-color: transparent; text-decoration-thickness: initial; text-decoration-style: initial; text-decoration-color: initial;" data-is-focusable="true">well <span id="tgtAlignment_81" class="ts-alignment-element" style="color: #000000; font-family: 'Segoe UI Web (West European)', 'Segoe UI', -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, Roboto, 'Helvetica Neue', sans-serif; font-size: 14px; font-style: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: normal; orphans: 2; text-align: start; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; white-space: pre-wrap; background-color: transparent; text-decoration-thickness: initial; text-decoration-style: initial; text-decoration-color: initial;" data-is-focusable="true">through <span id="tgtAlignment_82" class="ts-alignment-element" style="color: #000000; font-family: 'Segoe UI Web (West European)', 'Segoe UI', -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, Roboto, 'Helvetica Neue', sans-serif; font-size: 14px; font-style: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: normal; orphans: 2; text-align: start; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; white-space: pre-wrap; background-color: transparent; text-decoration-thickness: initial; text-decoration-style: initial; text-decoration-color: initial;" data-is-focusable="true">mutual <span id="tgtAlignment_83" class="ts-alignment-element" style="color: #000000; font-family: 'Segoe UI Web (West European)', 'Segoe UI', -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, Roboto, 'Helvetica Neue', sans-serif; font-size: 14px; font-style: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: normal; orphans: 2; text-align: start; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; white-space: pre-wrap; background-color: transparent; text-decoration-thickness: initial; text-decoration-style: initial; text-decoration-color: initial;" data-is-focusable="true">financing <span id="tgtAlignment_84" class="ts-alignment-element" style="color: #000000; font-family: 'Segoe UI Web (West European)', 'Segoe UI', -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, Roboto, 'Helvetica Neue', sans-serif; font-size: 14px; font-style: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: normal; orphans: 2; text-align: start; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; white-space: pre-wrap; background-color: transparent; text-decoration-thickness: initial; text-decoration-style: initial; text-decoration-color: initial;" data-is-focusable="true">mechanisms<span id="tgtAlignment_85" class="ts-alignment-element" style="color: #000000; font-family: 'Segoe UI Web (West European)', 'Segoe UI', -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, Roboto, 'Helvetica Neue', sans-serif; font-size: 14px; font-style: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: normal; orphans: 2; text-align: start; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; white-space: pre-wrap; background-color: transparent; text-decoration-thickness: initial; text-decoration-style: initial; text-decoration-color: initial;" data-is-focusable="true">, <span id="tgtAlignment_86" class="ts-alignment-element" style="color: #000000; font-family: 'Segoe UI Web (West European)', 'Segoe UI', -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, Roboto, 'Helvetica Neue', sans-serif; font-size: 14px; font-style: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: normal; orphans: 2; text-align: start; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; white-space: pre-wrap; background-color: transparent; text-decoration-thickness: initial; text-decoration-style: initial; text-decoration-color: initial;" data-is-focusable="true">technical <span id="tgtAlignment_87" class="ts-alignment-element" style="color: #000000; font-family: 'Segoe UI Web (West European)', 'Segoe UI', -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, Roboto, 'Helvetica Neue', sans-serif; font-size: 14px; font-style: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: normal; orphans: 2; text-align: start; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; white-space: pre-wrap; background-color: transparent; text-decoration-thickness: initial; text-decoration-style: initial; text-decoration-color: initial;" data-is-focusable="true">coordination<span id="tgtAlignment_88" class="ts-alignment-element" style="color: #000000; font-family: 'Segoe UI Web (West European)', 'Segoe UI', -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, Roboto, 'Helvetica Neue', sans-serif; font-size: 14px; font-style: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: normal; orphans: 2; text-align: start; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; white-space: pre-wrap; background-color: transparent; text-decoration-thickness: initial; text-decoration-style: initial; text-decoration-color: initial;" data-is-focusable="true">, <span id="tgtAlignment_89" class="ts-alignment-element" style="color: #000000; font-family: 'Segoe UI Web (West European)', 'Segoe UI', -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, Roboto, 'Helvetica Neue', sans-serif; font-size: 14px; font-style: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: normal; orphans: 2; text-align: start; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; white-space: pre-wrap; background-color: transparent; text-decoration-thickness: initial; text-decoration-style: initial; text-decoration-color: initial;" data-is-focusable="true">and <span id="tgtAlignment_90" class="ts-alignment-element" style="color: #000000; font-family: 'Segoe UI Web (West European)', 'Segoe UI', -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, Roboto, 'Helvetica Neue', sans-serif; font-size: 14px; font-style: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: normal; orphans: 2; text-align: start; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; white-space: pre-wrap; background-color: transparent; text-decoration-thickness: initial; text-decoration-style: initial; text-decoration-color: initial;" data-is-focusable="true">project <span id="tgtAlignment_91" class="ts-alignment-element" style="color: #000000; font-family: 'Segoe UI Web (West European)', 'Segoe UI', -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, Roboto, 'Helvetica Neue', sans-serif; font-size: 14px; font-style: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: normal; orphans: 2; text-align: start; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; white-space: pre-wrap; background-color: transparent; text-decoration-thickness: initial; text-decoration-style: initial; text-decoration-color: initial;" data-is-focusable="true">implementation<span id="tgtAlignment_92" class="ts-alignment-element" style="color: #000000; font-family: 'Segoe UI Web (West European)', 'Segoe UI', -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, Roboto, 'Helvetica Neue', sans-serif; font-size: 14px; font-style: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: normal; orphans: 2; text-align: start; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; white-space: pre-wrap; background-color: transparent; text-decoration-thickness: initial; text-decoration-style: initial; text-decoration-color: initial;" data-is-focusable="true">. <span id="tgtAlignment_93" class="ts-alignment-element" style="color: #000000; font-family: 'Segoe UI Web (West European)', 'Segoe UI', -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, Roboto, 'Helvetica Neue', sans-serif; font-size: 14px; font-style: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: normal; orphans: 2; text-align: start; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; white-space: pre-wrap; background-color: transparent; text-decoration-thickness: initial; text-decoration-style: initial; text-decoration-color: initial;" data-is-focusable="true">However<span id="tgtAlignment_94" class="ts-alignment-element" style="color: #000000; font-family: 'Segoe UI Web (West European)', 'Segoe UI', -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, Roboto, 'Helvetica Neue', sans-serif; font-size: 14px; font-style: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: normal; orphans: 2; text-align: start; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; white-space: pre-wrap; background-color: transparent; text-decoration-thickness: initial; text-decoration-style: initial; text-decoration-color: initial;" data-is-focusable="true">, <span id="tgtAlignment_95" class="ts-alignment-element" style="color: #000000; font-family: 'Segoe UI Web (West European)', 'Segoe UI', -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, Roboto, 'Helvetica Neue', sans-serif; font-size: 14px; font-style: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: normal; orphans: 2; text-align: start; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; white-space: pre-wrap; background-color: transparent; text-decoration-thickness: initial; text-decoration-style: initial; text-decoration-color: initial;" data-is-focusable="true">there <span id="tgtAlignment_96" class="ts-alignment-element" style="color: #000000; font-family: 'Segoe UI Web (West European)', 'Segoe UI', -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, Roboto, 'Helvetica Neue', sans-serif; font-size: 14px; font-style: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: normal; orphans: 2; text-align: start; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; white-space: pre-wrap; background-color: transparent; text-decoration-thickness: initial; text-decoration-style: initial; text-decoration-color: initial;" data-is-focusable="true">are <span id="tgtAlignment_97" class="ts-alignment-element" style="color: #000000; font-family: 'Segoe UI Web (West European)', 'Segoe UI', -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, Roboto, 'Helvetica Neue', sans-serif; font-size: 14px; font-style: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: normal; orphans: 2; text-align: start; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; white-space: pre-wrap; background-color: transparent; text-decoration-thickness: initial; text-decoration-style: initial; text-decoration-color: initial;" data-is-focusable="true">still <span id="tgtAlignment_98" class="ts-alignment-element" style="color: #000000; font-family: 'Segoe UI Web (West European)', 'Segoe UI', -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, Roboto, 'Helvetica Neue', sans-serif; font-size: 14px; font-style: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: normal; orphans: 2; text-align: start; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; white-space: pre-wrap; background-color: transparent; text-decoration-thickness: initial; text-decoration-style: initial; text-decoration-color: initial;" data-is-focusable="true">obstacles <span id="tgtAlignment_99" class="ts-alignment-element" style="color: #000000; font-family: 'Segoe UI Web (West European)', 'Segoe UI', -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, Roboto, 'Helvetica Neue', sans-serif; font-size: 14px; font-style: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: normal; orphans: 2; text-align: start; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; white-space: pre-wrap; background-color: transparent; text-decoration-thickness: initial; text-decoration-style: initial; text-decoration-color: initial;" data-is-focusable="true">such <span id="tgtAlignment_100" class="ts-alignment-element" style="color: #000000; font-family: 'Segoe UI Web (West European)', 'Segoe UI', -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, Roboto, 'Helvetica Neue', sans-serif; font-size: 14px; font-style: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: normal; orphans: 2; text-align: start; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; white-space: pre-wrap; background-color: transparent; text-decoration-thickness: initial; text-decoration-style: initial; text-decoration-color: initial;" data-is-focusable="true">as <span id="tgtAlignment_101" class="ts-alignment-element" style="color: #000000; font-family: 'Segoe UI Web (West European)', 'Segoe UI', -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, Roboto, 'Helvetica Neue', sans-serif; font-size: 14px; font-style: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: normal; orphans: 2; text-align: start; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; white-space: pre-wrap; background-color: transparent; text-decoration-thickness: initial; text-decoration-style: initial; text-decoration-color: initial;" data-is-focusable="true">delays <span id="tgtAlignment_102" class="ts-alignment-element" style="color: #000000; font-family: 'Segoe UI Web (West European)', 'Segoe UI', -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, Roboto, 'Helvetica Neue', sans-serif; font-size: 14px; font-style: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: normal; orphans: 2; text-align: start; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; white-space: pre-wrap; background-color: transparent; text-decoration-thickness: initial; text-decoration-style: initial; text-decoration-color: initial;" data-is-focusable="true">in<span style="color: #000000; font-family: 'Segoe UI Web (West European)', 'Segoe UI', -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, Roboto, 'Helvetica Neue', sans-serif; font-size: 14px; font-style: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: normal; orphans: 2; text-align: start; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; white-space: pre-wrap; background-color: #eff6ff; text-decoration-thickness: initial; text-decoration-style: initial; text-decoration-color: initial;"> funds<span id="tgtAlignment_103" class="ts-alignment-element" style="color: #000000; font-family: 'Segoe UI Web (West European)', 'Segoe UI', -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, Roboto, 'Helvetica Neue', sans-serif; font-size: 14px; font-style: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: normal; orphans: 2; text-align: start; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; white-space: pre-wrap; background-color: transparent; text-decoration-thickness: initial; text-decoration-style: initial; text-decoration-color: initial;" data-is-focusable="true">,<span style="color: #000000; font-family: 'Segoe UI Web (West European)', 'Segoe UI', -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, Roboto, 'Helvetica Neue', sans-serif; font-size: 14px; font-style: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: normal; orphans: 2; text-align: start; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; white-space: pre-wrap; background-color: #eff6ff; text-decoration-thickness: initial; text-decoration-style: initial; text-decoration-color: initial;"> coordination <span id="tgtAlignment_104" class="ts-alignment-element" style="color: #000000; font-family: 'Segoe UI Web (West European)', 'Segoe UI', -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, Roboto, 'Helvetica Neue', sans-serif; font-size: 14px; font-style: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: normal; orphans: 2; text-align: start; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; white-space: pre-wrap; background-color: transparent; text-decoration-thickness: initial; text-decoration-style: initial; text-decoration-color: initial;" data-is-focusable="true">between <span id="tgtAlignment_105" class="ts-alignment-element" style="color: #000000; font-family: 'Segoe UI Web (West European)', 'Segoe UI', -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, Roboto, 'Helvetica Neue', sans-serif; font-size: 14px; font-style: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: normal; orphans: 2; text-align: start; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; white-space: pre-wrap; background-color: transparent; text-decoration-thickness: initial; text-decoration-style: initial; text-decoration-color: initial;" data-is-focusable="true">agencies<span id="tgtAlignment_106" class="ts-alignment-element" style="color: #000000; font-family: 'Segoe UI Web (West European)', 'Segoe UI', -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, Roboto, 'Helvetica Neue', sans-serif; font-size: 14px; font-style: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: normal; orphans: 2; text-align: start; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; white-space: pre-wrap; background-color: transparent; text-decoration-thickness: initial; text-decoration-style: initial; text-decoration-color: initial;" data-is-focusable="true">, <span id="tgtAlignment_107" class="ts-alignment-element" style="color: #000000; font-family: 'Segoe UI Web (West European)', 'Segoe UI', -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, Roboto, 'Helvetica Neue', sans-serif; font-size: 14px; font-style: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: normal; orphans: 2; text-align: start; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; white-space: pre-wrap; background-color: transparent; text-decoration-thickness: initial; text-decoration-style: initial; text-decoration-color: initial;" data-is-focusable="true">and<span style="color: #000000; font-family: 'Segoe UI Web (West European)', 'Segoe UI', -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, Roboto, 'Helvetica Neue', sans-serif; font-size: 14px; font-style: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: normal; orphans: 2; text-align: start; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; white-space: pre-wrap; background-color: #eff6ff; text-decoration-thickness: initial; text-decoration-style: initial; text-decoration-color: initial;"> differences <span id="tgtAlignment_108" class="ts-alignment-element" style="color: #000000; font-family: 'Segoe UI Web (West European)', 'Segoe UI', -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, Roboto, 'Helvetica Neue', sans-serif; font-size: 14px; font-style: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: normal; orphans: 2; text-align: start; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; white-space: pre-wrap; background-color: transparent; text-decoration-thickness: initial; text-decoration-style: initial; text-decoration-color: initial;" data-is-focusable="true">in <span id="tgtAlignment_109" class="ts-alignment-element" style="color: #000000; font-family: 'Segoe UI Web (West European)', 'Segoe UI', -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, Roboto, 'Helvetica Neue', sans-serif; font-size: 14px; font-style: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: normal; orphans: 2; text-align: start; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; white-space: pre-wrap; background-color: transparent; text-decoration-thickness: initial; text-decoration-style: initial; text-decoration-color: initial;" data-is-focusable="true">priorities <span id="tgtAlignment_110" class="ts-alignment-element" style="color: #000000; font-family: 'Segoe UI Web (West European)', 'Segoe UI', -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, Roboto, 'Helvetica Neue', sans-serif; font-size: 14px; font-style: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: normal; orphans: 2; text-align: start; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; white-space: pre-wrap; background-color: transparent; text-decoration-thickness: initial; text-decoration-style: initial; text-decoration-color: initial;" data-is-focusable="true">between <span id="tgtAlignment_111" class="ts-alignment-element" style="color: #000000; font-family: 'Segoe UI Web (West European)', 'Segoe UI', -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, Roboto, 'Helvetica Neue', sans-serif; font-size: 14px; font-style: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: normal; orphans: 2; text-align: start; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; white-space: pre-wrap; background-color: transparent; text-decoration-thickness: initial; text-decoration-style: initial; text-decoration-color: initial;" data-is-focusable="true">the <span id="tgtAlignment_112" class="ts-alignment-element" style="color: #000000; font-family: 'Segoe UI Web (West European)', 'Segoe UI', -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, Roboto, 'Helvetica Neue', sans-serif; font-size: 14px; font-style: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: normal; orphans: 2; text-align: start; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; white-space: pre-wrap; background-color: transparent; text-decoration-thickness: initial; text-decoration-style: initial; text-decoration-color: initial;" data-is-focusable="true">central <span id="tgtAlignment_113" class="ts-alignment-element" style="color: #000000; font-family: 'Segoe UI Web (West European)', 'Segoe UI', -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, Roboto, 'Helvetica Neue', sans-serif; font-size: 14px; font-style: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: normal; orphans: 2; text-align: start; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; white-space: pre-wrap; background-color: transparent; text-decoration-thickness: initial; text-decoration-style: initial; text-decoration-color: initial;" data-is-focusable="true">and <span id="tgtAlignment_114" class="ts-alignment-element" style="color: #000000; font-family: 'Segoe UI Web (West European)', 'Segoe UI', -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, Roboto, 'Helvetica Neue', sans-serif; font-size: 14px; font-style: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: normal; orphans: 2; text-align: start; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; white-space: pre-wrap; background-color: transparent; text-decoration-thickness: initial; text-decoration-style: initial; text-decoration-color: initial;" data-is-focusable="true">regional<span style="color: #000000; font-family: 'Segoe UI Web (West European)', 'Segoe UI', -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, Roboto, 'Helvetica Neue', sans-serif; font-size: 14px; font-style: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: normal; orphans: 2; text-align: start; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; white-space: pre-wrap; background-color: #eff6ff; text-decoration-thickness: initial; text-decoration-style: initial; text-decoration-color: initial;"> governments<span id="tgtAlignment_115" class="ts-alignment-element" style="color: #000000; font-family: 'Segoe UI Web (West European)', 'Segoe UI', -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, Roboto, 'Helvetica Neue', sans-serif; font-size: 14px; font-style: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: normal; orphans: 2; text-align: start; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; white-space: pre-wrap; background-color: transparent; text-decoration-thickness: initial; text-decoration-style: initial; text-decoration-color: initial;" data-is-focusable="true">.
Copyright (c) 2025 Tri Ayu Wulandari, Mega Amelia, Devina Ratna Suryani https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0
ANALISIS PENERAPAN PRINSIP GOOD GOVERNANCE DALAM PELAYANAN PUBLIK DI DESA NARIMBANG MULIA KECAMATAN RANGKASBITUNG
The results of the study show that the principles of accountability, openness, and rule of law have been implemented quite well, although there are still weaknesses in terms of transparency, particularly in the use of village websites, which have not been optimally utilized as a means of digital public service. Factors supporting implementation include effective communication, the availability of competent human resources, the honest and democratic attitude of officials, clear SOP-based program mechanisms, and an organizational structure that supports village governance. Meanwhile, the obstacles found include internal barriers such as the lack of understanding of good governance principles among officials and a lack of discipline during working hours, as well as external barriers in the form of low community participation and limited community understanding of technology-based services.
Copyright (c) 2025 Siti Maryanti, Try Adhi Bangsawan, Rizki Amilia https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0
PERLINDUNGAN HUKUM BAGI BURUH DALAM KASUS PEMUTUSAN HUBUNGAN KERJA YANG TERTUNDA DI PT. ASCOT DIKAITKAN DENGAN UNDANG-UNDANG NOMOR 2 TAHUN 2004 TENTANG PENYELESAIAN PERSELISIHAN HUBUNGAN INDUSTRIAL
This study discusses the process of termination of employment (PHK) for reasons of retirement at PT Ascot and legal protection for the fulfillment of workers' rights based on the provisions of the applicable labor law in Indonesia. This study uses a normative juridical approach by examining laws and regulations such as Law Number 13 of 2003, Perppu on Job Creation, and Government Regulation Number 35 of 2021. The findings of the study show that the layoff process carried out by PT Ascot does not pay attention to the principle of fairness in compensation, where workers who have reached retirement age receive compensation that is equal to other workers. This is contrary to the positive legal provisions that give greater rewards to workers with long working periods. The study also emphasizes the importance of government oversight and the role of unions in ensuring the rights of retired workers. This study contributes to strengthening the legal protection of elderly workers and encouraging fair labor practices.
Copyright (c) 2025 Aan Tirta Gandana, Agus Hendrayana, Dainsyah, Dian Amalia Dewi Yudha Permana Sidiq, A. Kamil Razak, Yeti Kurniati https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0
PENGARUH PENGHAPUSAN AMBANG BATAS PENCALONAN PRESIDEN (PRESIDENTIAL THRESHOLD) TERHADAP SISTEM PEMILU STUDI PUTUSAN MAHKAMAH KONSTITUSI NOMOR 62/PUU-XXII/2024
This research is motivated by the existence of a provision for the threshold for presidential candidacy in Article 222 of Law Number 7 of 2017 which regulates the minimum requirement of 20% of the House of Representatives seats or 25% of the national valid votes for political parties to nominate the president. This provision is considered to limit the participation of small parties and cause electoral injustice. The Constitutional Court, which previously consistently rejected the testing of Article 222, through Decision Number 62/PUU-XXII/2024 finally canceled the article because it was considered to violate the principle of people's sovereignty and cause intolerable political inequality. This research uses a normative juridical method with a legislative, case, and conceptual approach, as well as analyzing primary and secondary legal materials. The results of the study show that the Constitutional Court can test norms in the realm of open legal policy if it is proven to be contrary to the constitution. Although only as a negative legislator, the Court also provides normative recommendations as a guide for the House of Representatives to draft replacement regulations, such as the elimination of vote-based or seat-based thresholds, as well as involving small parties in the formation of laws. This ruling creates a legal vacuum that must be immediately responded to by lawmakers to maintain legal certainty ahead of the 2029 election. This research emphasizes the importance of consistency in the legal reasoning of the Constitutional Court and the need for public involvement in the formulation of new norms so that electoral democracy in Indonesia is maintained.
Copyright (c) 2025 Krisno Jatmiko, Ferika Nurfransiska, Sutiyani, Vingky Dwi Putra https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0
HAK MASYARAKAT UNTUK MEMPEROLEH KEPASTIAN HUKUM TERKAIT PENCEMARAN LINGKUNGAN
This study aims to analyze the legal certainty of citizens’ rights concerning environmental pollution in Indonesia within the framework of national law and its enforcement practices. The research is motivated by the increasing number of pollution cases and the limited effectiveness of legal protection for affected communities, despite Indonesia’s environmental law framework having adopted the polluter pays, precautionary, and strict liability principles. The study employs a normative juridical method using statutory, case, and conceptual approaches. Primary legal materials include the 1945 Constitution, Law No. 32 of 2009, Government Regulation No. 22 of 2021, and Supreme Court Regulation No. 1 of 2023, all analyzed qualitatively and descriptively through systematic and teleological interpretation. The findings indicate that environmental law enforcement in Indonesia remains dominated by administrative actions (61%), while civil and criminal avenues show low effectiveness due to weak scientific evidence, poor interagency coordination, and limited investigative capacity. The implementation of risk-based licensing and alternative dispute resolution mechanisms, such as online dispute resolution, represents a positive innovation; however, their application remains uneven across sectors and regions. The lack of public participation and transparency in environmental data exacerbates legal uncertainty and weakens both governmental and corporate accountability. This study highlights the need to integrate national legal norms, international principles, and digital technology to strengthen the effectiveness of environmental law enforcement. The findings imply the importance of institutional reform, improved access to justice, and the acceleration of legal modernization toward an equitable and sustainable environmental governance system.
Copyright (c) 2025 Yoan B. Runtunuwu, Yunarti M. Lasube, Alya Rahel Manangkot, Debora Stevani Kaawoan, Chessy Avril Manganang https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0
ANALISIS YURIDIS TERHADAP PUTUSAN HAKIM DALAM TINDAK PIDANA PEMALSUAN SURAT (STUDI KASUS PUTUSAN PN PANGKALAN BUN NOMOR: 255/PID.B/2020/PN PBU)
This study aims to analyze the application of substantive criminal law and the judge’s considerations in deciding cases of forgery of COVID-19 rapid-test certificates as reflected in the Decision of the Pangkalan Bun District Court Number 255/Pid.B/2020/PN Pbu. This research employs a normative juridical method using statutory and case approaches. The findings indicate that the judges have considered the elements of forgery as stipulated in Article 263 of the Indonesian Criminal Code and imposed punishment based on principles of justice and legal certainty. The analysis also highlights the challenges of law enforcement during the COVID-19 pandemic, particularly the emergence of new crime patterns such as health document forgery
Copyright (c) 2025 Khoirul Umam, Hartoyo Hartoyo, Sri Sukmana D https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0
PERLINDUNGAN HUKUM BAGI OPERATOR TERMINAL DALAM MENGHADAPI PENGADUAN ATAS KECELAKAAN DAN KERUGIAN DI AREA TERMINAL
This study aims to examine legal liability and forms of legal protection for terminal operators in dealing with complaints regarding accidents and losses within the terminal area. The research method used is normative, employing statutory and conceptual approaches. The findings indicate that the liability of terminal operators may arise from negligence or strict liability. Complaints filed by service users are often not only administrative in nature but may also develop into legal disputes. Therefore, terminal operators must be able to perform their role as mediators in non-litigation dispute resolution. Legal protection for operators can be carried out through preventive measures such as the implementation of SOPs and MSS, as well as repressive measures through mediation and legal assistance. In addition, within the context of consumer protection and traffic insurance systems, terminal operators also play a role in supporting the restoration of victims’ rights. This study concludes that terminal operators occupy a strategic position between legal liability and the need for balanced legal protection
Copyright (c) 2025 Anselmus Dhake, Subekti Subekti, Sri Astutik https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0
TINJAUAN YURIDIS PEMBENTUKAN PANITIA KHUSUS SEBAGAI ALAT KELENGKAPAN DEWAN PERWAKILAN RAKYAT DAERAH
This study provides a juridical review of the formation of Special Committees (Pansus) as an integral part of the Regional House of Representatives (DPRD) in Indonesia. Using a normative legal research approach, this study analyzes the legal basis, mechanisms, and practical implications of the Pansus's existence. The findings indicate that the Pansus is a legitimate and vital ad hoc instrument, created to address specific issues that require focus and efficiency. Its formation is formally regulated through the DPRD Plenary Meeting's Decree and is based on relevant legislation, including Law Number 23 of 2014 and Government Regulation Number 12 of 2018. This process ensures the Pansus has strong legitimacy, accountability, and representation. The Pansus enables the DPRD to carry out its legislative and oversight functions more thoroughly, expedites decision-making, and enhances local government transparency. This study concludes that the Pansus is not merely a formal structure but a crucial mechanism for making the DPRD more responsive, efficient, and accountable in serving the public's aspirations
Copyright (c) 2025 Sugiyanto Sugiyanto, Vieta Imelda Cornelis, Fathul Hamdani https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0
CONSTRUCTING A CRYPTO ASSET REGULATORY FRAMEWORK: BRIDGING SHARIAH FATWAS AND INDONESIAN POSITIVE LAW
This literature study critically examines the intersection between Shariah rulings (fatwas) and positive law regulations concerning crypto assets in Indonesia. The research aims to analyze the methodology of legal derivation (istinbath) used in major fatwas, identify points of convergence and divergence with national regulations, and formulate an integrative regulatory model. Through a qualitative normative analysis of fatwa documents, regulations from the Commodity Futures Trading Regulatory Agency (Bappebti), and related legal frameworks, the study reveals that Shariah rulings predominantly prohibit crypto investment due to dominant elements of gharar (excessive uncertainty), maysir (gambling/speculation), and weak maliyyah (asset legitimacy). In contrast, positive law treats crypto as a tradable commodity under a risk-management framework. The significant divergence lies in the classification of objects and levels of precaution, while convergence exists in the shared goals of consumer protection and market integrity. To bridge this gap, the study proposes a layered model of substantive harmonization. This model involves refining legal classifications to accommodate Shariah utility criteria, establishing an explicit Shariah compliance pathway with certification mechanisms, strengthening risk disclosure standards aligned with Shariah transparency principles, and fostering institutional synergy between financial regulators and Shariah authorities. This approach seeks to align regulatory objectives with core Islamic principles without negating secular governance goals, offering a blueprint for a more ethical and stable crypto asset ecosystem in Muslim-majority jurisdictions.
Copyright (c) 2025 Rommy Hardyansah, Didit Darmawan, Arif Rachman Putra, Yeni Vitrianingsih https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0
ANALISIS IMPLEMENTASI PERATURAN DAERAH KOTA SERANG NOMOR 12 TAHUN 2020 TENTANG PENYELENGGARAAN KETENTRAMAN, KETERTIBAN UMUM DAN PERLINDUNGAN MASYARAKAT (Studi Kasus: Pkl Di Jembatan Aria Wangsakara Kota Serang)
Public order and the use of public space are crucial issues in Serang City, especially in the Aria Wangsakara Bridge area. This situation causes aesthetic problems for the city, as well as social unrest, reflecting the ineffective implementation of policies in the field. This study is based on Van Meter and Van Horn's policy implementation theory, which identifies six variables in policy implementation, to assess the extent to which Local Regulation No. 12 of 2020 has been effectively implemented and to identify factors that support or hinder its implementation. This study uses a descriptive qualitative approach. Data collection methods were conducted through interviews, observations, and documentation. Informants involved included the Serang City Satpol PP apparatus, Banjar Agung Village, the Head of RW, and street vendors at the Aria Wangsakara Bridge. The results of the study show that the implementation of the local regulation has not been optimal. The main obstacles include the lack of socialization of the policy to the community, the lack of human resources and supporting facilities, weak coordination between agencies, and inconsistency in the enforcement of sanctions. Although there has been a persuasive approach from the authorities, the results have not been strong enough to bring about a comprehensive change in attitude among street vendors. To improve the effectiveness of the policy, it is necessary to strengthen the capacity of implementers, adopt a participatory approach, and provide alternative locations.
Copyright (c) 2025 Nadila Oktaviani, Gatot Hartoko, Rizki Amilia https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0
PERAN PEMERINTAH DESA DALAM MENINGKATKAN PRODUKTIVITAS HASIL PERKEBUNAN DI DESA ERA BARU KECAMATAN TELLULIMPOE
This study aims to analyze the role of the New Era Village Government in increasing plantation productivity and identifying the obstacles faced in its implementation. New Era Village, Tellulimpoe District, is an area with considerable plantation potential, with main commodities such as cocoa, cloves, rubber, and coconut. Although there has been an increase in commodity prices from 2022 to 2024, the increase in productivity has not been proportional to this increase. This study uses a qualitative approach with a descriptive method. Data were obtained through in-depth interviews, field observations, and documentation, involving key informants such as village government officials, farmer groups, agricultural extension workers, and community leaders. This research was conducted in Era Baru Village, Tellulimpoe District, Sinjai Regency. The results of this study show that the role of the village government in increasing plantation yields, based on the following indicators, is as follows: (1) The role of the village government as a policy implementer has been carried out by providing fertilizer and seeds to farmer groups. (2) The role of the village government as a program implementer has been carried out by increasing the capacity of farmers through training on Biological Control Agents and the Production of Bokashi Compost. (3) The role of the village government as a mentor has been carried out by mentoring 29 Farmer Groups and 1 Joint Farmer Group. Thus, it can be concluded that the village government and farmer groups must
Copyright (c) 2025 Muh. Amir, Jusniaty Jusniaty, Salman Salman, Ashar Abdillah, Faiz Fakhruddin https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0
ANALISIS IMPLEMENTASI PERATURAN DAERAH NOMOR 9 TAHUN 2014 TENTANG DESA (Studi Kasus Di Desa Jayanti Kecamatan Jayanti Kabupaten Tangerang)
This study was designed to analyze the implementation of Local Regulation No. 9 of 2014 concerning Villages in the Tangerang Regency, with a case study of Jayanti Village. The main focus was on road infrastructure that had suffered severe damage but had not yet received adequate repairs. This phenomenon is an important issue considering that village roads play a vital role as the main supporting facility for the social and economic activities of the local community. Although the planning process has been carried out through mechanisms such as hamlet meetings (musdus), village meetings (musdes), and development planning meetings (musrenbang), the community's aspirations regarding road infrastructure improvements have not been fully realized. The method used is a descriptive qualitative approach. Data collection was carried out through in-depth interviews with village officials, community leaders, and villagers, as well as documentation and direct observation in the field. Data analysis focused on three main variables in policy implementation as proposed by George C. Edward III, namely communication, resources, and disposition, as well as the bureaucratic structure at the village level. This study shows that the implementation of Local Regulation No. 9 of 2014 in Jayanti Village has not reached an optimal level, especially in the context of sustainable road infrastructure development. The discrepancy between the plans developed at the village level and their technical implementation in the field reflects weaknesses in effective supervision and coordination between village governments and relevant agencies. The results of the study show that there are significant obstacles in terms of inter-agency coordination, budget constraints, and inadequate implementation capacity to follow up on the agreed planning results. Therefore, efforts are needed to improve the capacity of village officials, enhance inter-agency cooperation, and improve information to the community so that the development process can be more responsive to the needs of residents.
Copyright (c) 2025 Usia Ramadhan, Gatot Hartoko, Dede Qodrat Alwajir https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0
THE SHADOW IN THE LIBRARY: FAIR DEALING, DIGITAL ENTICEMENT, AND THE BLURRING LINE BETWEEN INFRINGEMENT AND PLAGIARISM IN NIGERIA
The advent of the digital era and information age has opened a floodgate for access to information for research purposes and private study. This phenomenon has also increased the rate at which researchers are able to copy other author’s works and abuse the privilege of the fair dealing doctrine provided in section 20(1) of the Nigerian Copyright Act (NCA) 2022. Using the doctrinal approach, this paper examined how the abuses of the fair dealing doctrine has resulted in the twin vices of copyright infringement and plagiarism. The paper examined the differences between copyright infringement and plagiarism, and whether they coalesce under the NCA 2022. It was found that by requiring ‘acknowledgement’ or attribution of copyrighted works for the application of the fair dealing doctrine under section 20(1) of the NCA 2022, the new Act has effectively merged both copyright infringement and plagiarism under our law, especially in view of the enforceability of moral rights under section 14 of the Act.
Copyright (c) 2025 Michael E. Eigbemekhe, Mathew E. Nwocha, Emmanuel I. Amah https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0
HUBUNGAN ANTARA NORMA HUKUM PAJAK DENGAN IMPLEMENTASI TAX AMNESTY DI INDONESIA
The tax amnesty policy is a fiscal legal instrument designed to increase tax compliance, expand the state revenue base, and return taxpayer funds to the country through a mechanism of forgiveness for past tax obligations. This study aims to analyze the relationship between the normative objectives of tax law, as reflected in legal and economic theories and principles, and the reality of tax amnesty implementation in Indonesia. It also examines the relationship between national legal politics and tax amnesty policy as a product of government policy. A juridical-normative and sociological approach shows that, normatively, the tax amnesty is based on the principles of justice, legal certainty, and benefit (Law No. 11 of 2016). However, empirically, its implementation emphasizes short-term fiscal interests rather than fostering taxpayer legal awareness. From a legal-political perspective, this policy represents a compromise between economic needs and legal legitimacy. While fiscally successful, it has not been optimal in achieving long-term tax justice and compliance. Structural and moral reforms are needed to balance das sein and das sollen
Copyright (c) 2025 Dirga Agung, Lidwina Apriliana Allo Tangko https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0
PERENCANAAN DAN PENGENDALIAN OPERASI KEPOLISIAN DALAM MENANGANI UNJUK RASA DI WILAYAH POLRES MOJOKERTO
Demonstrations are a form of public expression guaranteed by Law No. 9 of 1998. However, in practice, they often have the potential to cause disturbances to public security and order if not properly controlled. This study aims to analyze the planning and control of police operations in handling demonstrations in the Mojokerto Police District. The research method used is an empirical juridical approach, with data collection techniques through interviews, observation, and documentation. The results of the study show that the Mojokerto Police carry out operational planning based on the principles of prevention, proportionality, and humanism. Operational control is carried out through the implementation of Standard Operating Procedures (SOPs), cross-sector coordination, and the application of the principle of negotiation before repressive action. The obstacles found include limited personnel resources, infrastructure, and the unpredictable dynamics of the masses. Therefore, strengthening personnel capacity and more effective coordination with relevant parties are strategic steps to optimize police operation control
Copyright (c) 2025 Firnanda Auliya Zakky, Noenik Soekorini, Moh. Taufik https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0
PERAN OPERATOR TERMINAL DALAM PENEGAKAN STANDAR PELAYANAN MINIMAL ANGKUTAN UMUM
The importance of the role of terminal operators in enforcing Minimum Service Standards (SPM) for public transportation in order to create safe, comfortable, and affordable transportation for the community. The issues raised are how SPM is implemented in type A terminals and how terminal operators play a role in enforcing these standards. The method used in this study is normative juridical with a legislative and conceptual approach. The results show that the implementation of SPM at terminals is not yet optimal, as indicated by the large number of facilities and infrastructure that do not meet standards, as well as a lack of awareness among operators and service users of the importance of service standards. Terminal operators play a role in supervision, provision of facilities, and education for service users, but face obstacles such as limited budgets, human resources, and policy synchronization between agencies. Therefore, it is necessary to strengthen regulations, increase human resource capacity, and collaborate between agencies in order to realize public transportation services that meet minimum standards
Copyright (c) 2025 Imam Asya’ari, Siti Marwiyah, Muhammad Yustino Aribawa https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0
KONSTRUKSI, IMPLEMENTASI, DAN MODEL PENEGAKAN HUKUM TERHADAP ANAK RESIDIVIS TINDAK PIDANA PENCURIAN DALAM SISTEM PERADILAN PIDANA ANAK
<span id="tgtAlignment_0" class="ts-alignment-element" style="color: #000000; font-family: 'Segoe UI Web (West European)', 'Segoe UI', -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, Roboto, 'Helvetica Neue', sans-serif; font-size: 14px; font-style: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: normal; orphans: 2; text-align: start; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; white-space: pre-wrap; background-color: transparent; text-decoration-thickness: initial; text-decoration-style: initial; text-decoration-color: initial;" data-is-focusable="true">This <span id="tgtAlignment_1" class="ts-alignment-element" style="color: #000000; font-family: 'Segoe UI Web (West European)', 'Segoe UI', -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, Roboto, 'Helvetica Neue', sans-serif; font-size: 14px; font-style: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: normal; orphans: 2; text-align: start; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; white-space: pre-wrap; background-color: transparent; text-decoration-thickness: initial; text-decoration-style: initial; text-decoration-color: initial;" data-is-focusable="true">study <span id="tgtAlignment_2" class="ts-alignment-element" style="color: #000000; font-family: 'Segoe UI Web (West European)', 'Segoe UI', -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, Roboto, 'Helvetica Neue', sans-serif; font-size: 14px; font-style: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: normal; orphans: 2; text-align: start; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; white-space: pre-wrap; background-color: transparent; text-decoration-thickness: initial; text-decoration-style: initial; text-decoration-color: initial;" data-is-focusable="true">discusses <span id="tgtAlignment_3" class="ts-alignment-element" style="color: #000000; font-family: 'Segoe UI Web (West European)', 'Segoe UI', -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, Roboto, 'Helvetica Neue', sans-serif; font-size: 14px; font-style: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: normal; orphans: 2; text-align: start; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; white-space: pre-wrap; background-color: transparent; text-decoration-thickness: initial; text-decoration-style: initial; text-decoration-color: initial;" data-is-focusable="true">the <span id="tgtAlignment_4" class="ts-alignment-element" style="color: #000000; font-family: 'Segoe UI Web (West European)', 'Segoe UI', -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, Roboto, 'Helvetica Neue', sans-serif; font-size: 14px; font-style: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: normal; orphans: 2; text-align: start; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; white-space: pre-wrap; background-color: transparent; text-decoration-thickness: initial; text-decoration-style: initial; text-decoration-color: initial;" data-is-focusable="true">construction<span style="color: #000000; font-family: 'Segoe UI Web (West European)', 'Segoe UI', -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, Roboto, 'Helvetica Neue', sans-serif; font-size: 14px; font-style: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: normal; orphans: 2; text-align: start; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; white-space: pre-wrap; background-color: #eff6ff; text-decoration-thickness: initial; text-decoration-style: initial; text-decoration-color: initial;"> of <span id="tgtAlignment_5" class="ts-alignment-element-highlighted" style="color: #000000; font-family: 'Segoe UI Web (West European)', 'Segoe UI', -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, Roboto, 'Helvetica Neue', sans-serif; font-size: 14px; font-style: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: normal; orphans: 2; text-align: start; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; white-space: pre-wrap; text-decoration-thickness: initial; text-decoration-style: initial; text-decoration-color: initial; background-color: #d4d4d4;" data-is-focusable="true">formal <span id="tgtAlignment_6" class="ts-alignment-element" style="color: #000000; font-family: 'Segoe UI Web (West European)', 'Segoe UI', -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, Roboto, 'Helvetica Neue', sans-serif; font-size: 14px; font-style: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: normal; orphans: 2; text-align: start; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; white-space: pre-wrap; background-color: transparent; text-decoration-thickness: initial; text-decoration-style: initial; text-decoration-color: initial;" data-is-focusable="true">law<span id="tgtAlignment_7" class="ts-alignment-element" style="color: #000000; font-family: 'Segoe UI Web (West European)', 'Segoe UI', -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, Roboto, 'Helvetica Neue', sans-serif; font-size: 14px; font-style: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: normal; orphans: 2; text-align: start; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; white-space: pre-wrap; background-color: transparent; text-decoration-thickness: initial; text-decoration-style: initial; text-decoration-color: initial;" data-is-focusable="true">, <span id="tgtAlignment_8" class="ts-alignment-element" style="color: #000000; font-family: 'Segoe UI Web (West European)', 'Segoe UI', -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, Roboto, 'Helvetica Neue', sans-serif; font-size: 14px; font-style: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: normal; orphans: 2; text-align: start; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; white-space: pre-wrap; background-color: transparent; text-decoration-thickness: initial; text-decoration-style: initial; text-decoration-color: initial;" data-is-focusable="true">the <span id="tgtAlignment_9" class="ts-alignment-element" style="color: #000000; font-family: 'Segoe UI Web (West European)', 'Segoe UI', -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, Roboto, 'Helvetica Neue', sans-serif; font-size: 14px; font-style: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: normal; orphans: 2; text-align: start; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; white-space: pre-wrap; background-color: transparent; text-decoration-thickness: initial; text-decoration-style: initial; text-decoration-color: initial;" data-is-focusable="true">implementation <span id="tgtAlignment_10" class="ts-alignment-element" style="color: #000000; font-family: 'Segoe UI Web (West European)', 'Segoe UI', -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, Roboto, 'Helvetica Neue', sans-serif; font-size: 14px; font-style: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: normal; orphans: 2; text-align: start; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; white-space: pre-wrap; background-color: transparent; text-decoration-thickness: initial; text-decoration-style: initial; text-decoration-color: initial;" data-is-focusable="true">of <span id="tgtAlignment_11" class="ts-alignment-element" style="color: #000000; font-family: 'Segoe UI Web (West European)', 'Segoe UI', -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, Roboto, 'Helvetica Neue', sans-serif; font-size: 14px; font-style: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: normal; orphans: 2; text-align: start; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; white-space: pre-wrap; background-color: transparent; text-decoration-thickness: initial; text-decoration-style: initial; text-decoration-color: initial;" data-is-focusable="true">law <span id="tgtAlignment_12" class="ts-alignment-element" style="color: #000000; font-family: 'Segoe UI Web (West European)', 'Segoe UI', -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, Roboto, 'Helvetica Neue', sans-serif; font-size: 14px; font-style: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: normal; orphans: 2; text-align: start; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; white-space: pre-wrap; background-color: transparent; text-decoration-thickness: initial; text-decoration-style: initial; text-decoration-color: initial;" data-is-focusable="true">enforcement<span id="tgtAlignment_13" class="ts-alignment-element" style="color: #000000; font-family: 'Segoe UI Web (West European)', 'Segoe UI', -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, Roboto, 'Helvetica Neue', sans-serif; font-size: 14px; font-style: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: normal; orphans: 2; text-align: start; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; white-space: pre-wrap; background-color: transparent; text-decoration-thickness: initial; text-decoration-style: initial; text-decoration-color: initial;" data-is-focusable="true">, <span id="tgtAlignment_14" class="ts-alignment-element" style="color: #000000; font-family: 'Segoe UI Web (West European)', 'Segoe UI', -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, Roboto, 'Helvetica Neue', sans-serif; font-size: 14px; font-style: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: normal; orphans: 2; text-align: start; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; white-space: pre-wrap; background-color: transparent; text-decoration-thickness: initial; text-decoration-style: initial; text-decoration-color: initial;" data-is-focusable="true">and <span id="tgtAlignment_15" class="ts-alignment-element" style="color: #000000; font-family: 'Segoe UI Web (West European)', 'Segoe UI', -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, Roboto, 'Helvetica Neue', sans-serif; font-size: 14px; font-style: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: normal; orphans: 2; text-align: start; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; white-space: pre-wrap; background-color: transparent; text-decoration-thickness: initial; text-decoration-style: initial; text-decoration-color: initial;" data-is-focusable="true">the <span id="tgtAlignment_16" class="ts-alignment-element" style="color: #000000; font-family: 'Segoe UI Web (West European)', 'Segoe UI', -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, Roboto, 'Helvetica Neue', sans-serif; font-size: 14px; font-style: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: normal; orphans: 2; text-align: start; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; white-space: pre-wrap; background-color: transparent; text-decoration-thickness: initial; text-decoration-style: initial; text-decoration-color: initial;" data-is-focusable="true">ideal <span id="tgtAlignment_17" class="ts-alignment-element" style="color: #000000; font-family: 'Segoe UI Web (West European)', 'Segoe UI', -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, Roboto, 'Helvetica Neue', sans-serif; font-size: 14px; font-style: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: normal; orphans: 2; text-align: start; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; white-space: pre-wrap; background-color: transparent; text-decoration-thickness: initial; text-decoration-style: initial; text-decoration-color: initial;" data-is-focusable="true">law <span id="tgtAlignment_18" class="ts-alignment-element" style="color: #000000; font-family: 'Segoe UI Web (West European)', 'Segoe UI', -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, Roboto, 'Helvetica Neue', sans-serif; font-size: 14px; font-style: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: normal; orphans: 2; text-align: start; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; white-space: pre-wrap; background-color: transparent; text-decoration-thickness: initial; text-decoration-style: initial; text-decoration-color: initial;" data-is-focusable="true">enforcement <span id="tgtAlignment_19" class="ts-alignment-element" style="color: #000000; font-family: 'Segoe UI Web (West European)', 'Segoe UI', -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, Roboto, 'Helvetica Neue', sans-serif; font-size: 14px; font-style: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: normal; orphans: 2; text-align: start; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; white-space: pre-wrap; background-color: transparent; text-decoration-thickness: initial; text-decoration-style: initial; text-decoration-color: initial;" data-is-focusable="true">model <span id="tgtAlignment_20" class="ts-alignment-element" style="color: #000000; font-family: 'Segoe UI Web (West European)', 'Segoe UI', -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, Roboto, 'Helvetica Neue', sans-serif; font-size: 14px; font-style: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: normal; orphans: 2; text-align: start; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; white-space: pre-wrap; background-color: transparent; text-decoration-thickness: initial; text-decoration-style: initial; text-decoration-color: initial;" data-is-focusable="true">for <span id="tgtAlignment_21" class="ts-alignment-element" style="color: #000000; font-family: 'Segoe UI Web (West European)', 'Segoe UI', -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, Roboto, 'Helvetica Neue', sans-serif; font-size: 14px; font-style: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: normal; orphans: 2; text-align: start; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; white-space: pre-wrap; background-color: transparent; text-decoration-thickness: initial; text-decoration-style: initial; text-decoration-color: initial;" data-is-focusable="true">recidivist <span id="tgtAlignment_22" class="ts-alignment-element" style="color: #000000; font-family: 'Segoe UI Web (West European)', 'Segoe UI', -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, Roboto, 'Helvetica Neue', sans-serif; font-size: 14px; font-style: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: normal; orphans: 2; text-align: start; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; white-space: pre-wrap; background-color: transparent; text-decoration-thickness: initial; text-decoration-style: initial; text-decoration-color: initial;" data-is-focusable="true">children<span style="color: #000000; font-family: 'Segoe UI Web (West European)', 'Segoe UI', -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, Roboto, 'Helvetica Neue', sans-serif; font-size: 14px; font-style: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: normal; orphans: 2; text-align: start; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; white-space: pre-wrap; background-color: #eff6ff; text-decoration-thickness: initial; text-decoration-style: initial; text-decoration-color: initial;"> of <span id="tgtAlignment_23" class="ts-alignment-element" style="color: #000000; font-family: 'Segoe UI Web (West European)', 'Segoe UI', -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, Roboto, 'Helvetica Neue', sans-serif; font-size: 14px; font-style: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: normal; orphans: 2; text-align: start; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; white-space: pre-wrap; background-color: transparent; text-decoration-thickness: initial; text-decoration-style: initial; text-decoration-color: initial;" data-is-focusable="true">theft <span id="tgtAlignment_24" class="ts-alignment-element" style="color: #000000; font-family: 'Segoe UI Web (West European)', 'Segoe UI', -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, Roboto, 'Helvetica Neue', sans-serif; font-size: 14px; font-style: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: normal; orphans: 2; text-align: start; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; white-space: pre-wrap; background-color: transparent; text-decoration-thickness: initial; text-decoration-style: initial; text-decoration-color: initial;" data-is-focusable="true">based <span id="tgtAlignment_25" class="ts-alignment-element" style="color: #000000; font-family: 'Segoe UI Web (West European)', 'Segoe UI', -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, Roboto, 'Helvetica Neue', sans-serif; font-size: 14px; font-style: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: normal; orphans: 2; text-align: start; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; white-space: pre-wrap; background-color: transparent; text-decoration-thickness: initial; text-decoration-style: initial; text-decoration-color: initial;" data-is-focusable="true">on <span id="tgtAlignment_26" class="ts-alignment-element" style="color: #000000; font-family: 'Segoe UI Web (West European)', 'Segoe UI', -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, Roboto, 'Helvetica Neue', sans-serif; font-size: 14px; font-style: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: normal; orphans: 2; text-align: start; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; white-space: pre-wrap; background-color: transparent; text-decoration-thickness: initial; text-decoration-style: initial; text-decoration-color: initial;" data-is-focusable="true">Law <span id="tgtAlignment_27" class="ts-alignment-element" style="color: #000000; font-family: 'Segoe UI Web (West European)', 'Segoe UI', -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, Roboto, 'Helvetica Neue', sans-serif; font-size: 14px; font-style: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: normal; orphans: 2; text-align: start; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; white-space: pre-wrap; background-color: transparent; text-decoration-thickness: initial; text-decoration-style: initial; text-decoration-color: initial;" data-is-focusable="true">Number <span id="tgtAlignment_28" class="ts-alignment-element" style="color: #000000; font-family: 'Segoe UI Web (West European)', 'Segoe UI', -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, Roboto, 'Helvetica Neue', sans-serif; font-size: 14px; font-style: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: normal; orphans: 2; text-align: start; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; white-space: pre-wrap; background-color: transparent; text-decoration-thickness: initial; text-decoration-style: initial; text-decoration-color: initial;" data-is-focusable="true">11 <span id="tgtAlignment_29" class="ts-alignment-element" style="color: #000000; font-family: 'Segoe UI Web (West European)', 'Segoe UI', -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, Roboto, 'Helvetica Neue', sans-serif; font-size: 14px; font-style: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: normal; orphans: 2; text-align: start; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; white-space: pre-wrap; background-color: transparent; text-decoration-thickness: initial; text-decoration-style: initial; text-decoration-color: initial;" data-is-focusable="true">of <span id="tgtAlignment_30" class="ts-alignment-element" style="color: #000000; font-family: 'Segoe UI Web (West European)', 'Segoe UI', -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, Roboto, 'Helvetica Neue', sans-serif; font-size: 14px; font-style: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: normal; orphans: 2; text-align: start; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; white-space: pre-wrap; background-color: transparent; text-decoration-thickness: initial; text-decoration-style: initial; text-decoration-color: initial;" data-is-focusable="true">2012 <span id="tgtAlignment_31" class="ts-alignment-element" style="color: #000000; font-family: 'Segoe UI Web (West European)', 'Segoe UI', -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, Roboto, 'Helvetica Neue', sans-serif; font-size: 14px; font-style: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: normal; orphans: 2; text-align: start; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; white-space: pre-wrap; background-color: transparent; text-decoration-thickness: initial; text-decoration-style: initial; text-decoration-color: initial;" data-is-focusable="true">concerning <span id="tgtAlignment_32" class="ts-alignment-element" style="color: #000000; font-family: 'Segoe UI Web (West European)', 'Segoe UI', -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, Roboto, 'Helvetica Neue', sans-serif; font-size: 14px; font-style: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: normal; orphans: 2; text-align: start; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; white-space: pre-wrap; background-color: transparent; text-decoration-thickness: initial; text-decoration-style: initial; text-decoration-color: initial;" data-is-focusable="true">the <span id="tgtAlignment_33" class="ts-alignment-element" style="color: #000000; font-family: 'Segoe UI Web (West European)', 'Segoe UI', -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, Roboto, 'Helvetica Neue', sans-serif; font-size: 14px; font-style: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: normal; orphans: 2; text-align: start; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; white-space: pre-wrap; background-color: transparent; text-decoration-thickness: initial; text-decoration-style: initial; text-decoration-color: initial;" data-is-focusable="true">Child <span id="tgtAlignment_34" class="ts-alignment-element" style="color: #000000; font-family: 'Segoe UI Web (West European)', 'Segoe UI', -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, Roboto, 'Helvetica Neue', sans-serif; font-size: 14px; font-style: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: normal; orphans: 2; text-align: start; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; white-space: pre-wrap; background-color: transparent; text-decoration-thickness: initial; text-decoration-style: initial; text-decoration-color: initial;" data-is-focusable="true">Criminal <span id="tgtAlignment_35" class="ts-alignment-element" style="color: #000000; font-family: 'Segoe UI Web (West European)', 'Segoe UI', -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, Roboto, 'Helvetica Neue', sans-serif; font-size: 14px; font-style: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: normal; orphans: 2; text-align: start; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; white-space: pre-wrap; background-color: transparent; text-decoration-thickness: initial; text-decoration-style: initial; text-decoration-color: initial;" data-is-focusable="true">Justice <span id="tgtAlignment_36" class="ts-alignment-element" style="color: #000000; font-family: 'Segoe UI Web (West European)', 'Segoe UI', -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, Roboto, 'Helvetica Neue', sans-serif; font-size: 14px; font-style: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: normal; orphans: 2; text-align: start; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; white-space: pre-wrap; background-color: transparent; text-decoration-thickness: initial; text-decoration-style: initial; text-decoration-color: initial;" data-is-focusable="true">System<span id="tgtAlignment_37" class="ts-alignment-element" style="color: #000000; font-family: 'Segoe UI Web (West European)', 'Segoe UI', -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, Roboto, 'Helvetica Neue', sans-serif; font-size: 14px; font-style: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: normal; orphans: 2; text-align: start; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; white-space: pre-wrap; background-color: transparent; text-decoration-thickness: initial; text-decoration-style: initial; text-decoration-color: initial;" data-is-focusable="true">. <span id="tgtAlignment_38" class="ts-alignment-element" style="color: #000000; font-family: 'Segoe UI Web (West European)', 'Segoe UI', -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, Roboto, 'Helvetica Neue', sans-serif; font-size: 14px; font-style: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: normal; orphans: 2; text-align: start; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; white-space: pre-wrap; background-color: transparent; text-decoration-thickness: initial; text-decoration-style: initial; text-decoration-color: initial;" data-is-focusable="true">The <span id="tgtAlignment_39" class="ts-alignment-element" style="color: #000000; font-family: 'Segoe UI Web (West European)', 'Segoe UI', -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, Roboto, 'Helvetica Neue', sans-serif; font-size: 14px; font-style: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: normal; orphans: 2; text-align: start; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; white-space: pre-wrap; background-color: transparent; text-decoration-thickness: initial; text-decoration-style: initial; text-decoration-color: initial;" data-is-focusable="true">formal <span id="tgtAlignment_40" class="ts-alignment-element" style="color: #000000; font-family: 'Segoe UI Web (West European)', 'Segoe UI', -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, Roboto, 'Helvetica Neue', sans-serif; font-size: 14px; font-style: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: normal; orphans: 2; text-align: start; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; white-space: pre-wrap; background-color: transparent; text-decoration-thickness: initial; text-decoration-style: initial; text-decoration-color: initial;" data-is-focusable="true">legal<span style="color: #000000; font-family: 'Segoe UI Web (West European)', 'Segoe UI', -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, Roboto, 'Helvetica Neue', sans-serif; font-size: 14px; font-style: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: normal; orphans: 2; text-align: start; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; white-space: pre-wrap; background-color: #eff6ff; text-decoration-thickness: initial; text-decoration-style: initial; text-decoration-color: initial;"> construction <span id="tgtAlignment_41" class="ts-alignment-element" style="color: #000000; font-family: 'Segoe UI Web (West European)', 'Segoe UI', -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, Roboto, 'Helvetica Neue', sans-serif; font-size: 14px; font-style: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: normal; orphans: 2; text-align: start; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; white-space: pre-wrap; background-color: transparent; text-decoration-thickness: initial; text-decoration-style: initial; text-decoration-color: initial;" data-is-focusable="true">affirms <span id="tgtAlignment_42" class="ts-alignment-element" style="color: #000000; font-family: 'Segoe UI Web (West European)', 'Segoe UI', -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, Roboto, 'Helvetica Neue', sans-serif; font-size: 14px; font-style: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: normal; orphans: 2; text-align: start; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; white-space: pre-wrap; background-color: transparent; text-decoration-thickness: initial; text-decoration-style: initial; text-decoration-color: initial;" data-is-focusable="true">child <span id="tgtAlignment_43" class="ts-alignment-element" style="color: #000000; font-family: 'Segoe UI Web (West European)', 'Segoe UI', -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, Roboto, 'Helvetica Neue', sans-serif; font-size: 14px; font-style: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: normal; orphans: 2; text-align: start; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; white-space: pre-wrap; background-color: transparent; text-decoration-thickness: initial; text-decoration-style: initial; text-decoration-color: initial;" data-is-focusable="true">protection <span id="tgtAlignment_44" class="ts-alignment-element" style="color: #000000; font-family: 'Segoe UI Web (West European)', 'Segoe UI', -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, Roboto, 'Helvetica Neue', sans-serif; font-size: 14px; font-style: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: normal; orphans: 2; text-align: start; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; white-space: pre-wrap; background-color: transparent; text-decoration-thickness: initial; text-decoration-style: initial; text-decoration-color: initial;" data-is-focusable="true">through <span id="tgtAlignment_45" class="ts-alignment-element" style="color: #000000; font-family: 'Segoe UI Web (West European)', 'Segoe UI', -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, Roboto, 'Helvetica Neue', sans-serif; font-size: 14px; font-style: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: normal; orphans: 2; text-align: start; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; white-space: pre-wrap; background-color: transparent; text-decoration-thickness: initial; text-decoration-style: initial; text-decoration-color: initial;" data-is-focusable="true">diversion<span id="tgtAlignment_46" class="ts-alignment-element" style="color: #000000; font-family: 'Segoe UI Web (West European)', 'Segoe UI', -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, Roboto, 'Helvetica Neue', sans-serif; font-size: 14px; font-style: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: normal; orphans: 2; text-align: start; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; white-space: pre-wrap; background-color: transparent; text-decoration-thickness: initial; text-decoration-style: initial; text-decoration-color: initial;" data-is-focusable="true">, <span id="tgtAlignment_47" class="ts-alignment-element" style="color: #000000; font-family: 'Segoe UI Web (West European)', 'Segoe UI', -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, Roboto, 'Helvetica Neue', sans-serif; font-size: 14px; font-style: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: normal; orphans: 2; text-align: start; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; white-space: pre-wrap; background-color: transparent; text-decoration-thickness: initial; text-decoration-style: initial; text-decoration-color: initial;" data-is-focusable="true">restorative <span id="tgtAlignment_48" class="ts-alignment-element" style="color: #000000; font-family: 'Segoe UI Web (West European)', 'Segoe UI', -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, Roboto, 'Helvetica Neue', sans-serif; font-size: 14px; font-style: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: normal; orphans: 2; text-align: start; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; white-space: pre-wrap; background-color: transparent; text-decoration-thickness: initial; text-decoration-style: initial; text-decoration-color: initial;" data-is-focusable="true">justice<span id="tgtAlignment_49" class="ts-alignment-element" style="color: #000000; font-family: 'Segoe UI Web (West European)', 'Segoe UI', -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, Roboto, 'Helvetica Neue', sans-serif; font-size: 14px; font-style: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: normal; orphans: 2; text-align: start; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; white-space: pre-wrap; background-color: transparent; text-decoration-thickness: initial; text-decoration-style: initial; text-decoration-color: initial;" data-is-focusable="true">, <span id="tgtAlignment_50" class="ts-alignment-element" style="color: #000000; font-family: 'Segoe UI Web (West European)', 'Segoe UI', -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, Roboto, 'Helvetica Neue', sans-serif; font-size: 14px; font-style: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: normal; orphans: 2; text-align: start; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; white-space: pre-wrap; background-color: transparent; text-decoration-thickness: initial; text-decoration-style: initial; text-decoration-color: initial;" data-is-focusable="true">and <span id="tgtAlignment_51" class="ts-alignment-element" style="color: #000000; font-family: 'Segoe UI Web (West European)', 'Segoe UI', -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, Roboto, 'Helvetica Neue', sans-serif; font-size: 14px; font-style: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: normal; orphans: 2; text-align: start; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; white-space: pre-wrap; background-color: transparent; text-decoration-thickness: initial; text-decoration-style: initial; text-decoration-color: initial;" data-is-focusable="true">coaching <span id="tgtAlignment_52" class="ts-alignment-element" style="color: #000000; font-family: 'Segoe UI Web (West European)', 'Segoe UI', -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, Roboto, 'Helvetica Neue', sans-serif; font-size: 14px; font-style: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: normal; orphans: 2; text-align: start; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; white-space: pre-wrap; background-color: transparent; text-decoration-thickness: initial; text-decoration-style: initial; text-decoration-color: initial;" data-is-focusable="true">mechanisms <span id="tgtAlignment_53" class="ts-alignment-element" style="color: #000000; font-family: 'Segoe UI Web (West European)', 'Segoe UI', -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, Roboto, 'Helvetica Neue', sans-serif; font-size: 14px; font-style: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: normal; orphans: 2; text-align: start; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; white-space: pre-wrap; background-color: transparent; text-decoration-thickness: initial; text-decoration-style: initial; text-decoration-color: initial;" data-is-focusable="true">in<span style="color: #000000; font-family: 'Segoe UI Web (West European)', 'Segoe UI', -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, Roboto, 'Helvetica Neue', sans-serif; font-size: 14px; font-style: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: normal; orphans: 2; text-align: start; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; white-space: pre-wrap; background-color: #eff6ff; text-decoration-thickness: initial; text-decoration-style: initial; text-decoration-color: initial;"> Special <span id="tgtAlignment_54" class="ts-alignment-element" style="color: #000000; font-family: 'Segoe UI Web (West European)', 'Segoe UI', -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, Roboto, 'Helvetica Neue', sans-serif; font-size: 14px; font-style: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: normal; orphans: 2; text-align: start; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; white-space: pre-wrap; background-color: transparent; text-decoration-thickness: initial; text-decoration-style: initial; text-decoration-color: initial;" data-is-focusable="true">Children<span style="color: #000000; font-family: 'Segoe UI Web (West European)', 'Segoe UI', -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, Roboto, 'Helvetica Neue', sans-serif; font-size: 14px; font-style: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: normal; orphans: 2; text-align: start; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; white-space: pre-wrap; background-color: #eff6ff; text-decoration-thickness: initial; text-decoration-style: initial; text-decoration-color: initial;">'<span id="tgtAlignment_55" class="ts-alignment-element" style="color: #000000; font-family: 'Segoe UI Web (West European)', 'Segoe UI', -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, Roboto, 'Helvetica Neue', sans-serif; font-size: 14px; font-style: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: normal; orphans: 2; text-align: start; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; white-space: pre-wrap; background-color: transparent; text-decoration-thickness: initial; text-decoration-style: initial; text-decoration-color: initial;" data-is-focusable="true">s <span id="tgtAlignment_56" class="ts-alignment-element" style="color: #000000; font-family: 'Segoe UI Web (West European)', 'Segoe UI', -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, Roboto, 'Helvetica Neue', sans-serif; font-size: 14px; font-style: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: normal; orphans: 2; text-align: start; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; white-space: pre-wrap; background-color: transparent; text-decoration-thickness: initial; text-decoration-style: initial; text-decoration-color: initial;" data-is-focusable="true">Development <span id="tgtAlignment_57" class="ts-alignment-element" style="color: #000000; font-family: 'Segoe UI Web (West European)', 'Segoe UI', -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, Roboto, 'Helvetica Neue', sans-serif; font-size: 14px; font-style: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: normal; orphans: 2; text-align: start; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; white-space: pre-wrap; background-color: transparent; text-decoration-thickness: initial; text-decoration-style: initial; text-decoration-color: initial;" data-is-focusable="true">Institutions<span id="tgtAlignment_58" class="ts-alignment-element" style="color: #000000; font-family: 'Segoe UI Web (West European)', 'Segoe UI', -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, Roboto, 'Helvetica Neue', sans-serif; font-size: 14px; font-style: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: normal; orphans: 2; text-align: start; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; white-space: pre-wrap; background-color: transparent; text-decoration-thickness: initial; text-decoration-style: initial; text-decoration-color: initial;" data-is-focusable="true">. <span id="tgtAlignment_59" class="ts-alignment-element" style="color: #000000; font-family: 'Segoe UI Web (West European)', 'Segoe UI', -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, Roboto, 'Helvetica Neue', sans-serif; font-size: 14px; font-style: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: normal; orphans: 2; text-align: start; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; white-space: pre-wrap; background-color: transparent; text-decoration-thickness: initial; text-decoration-style: initial; text-decoration-color: initial;" data-is-focusable="true">Implementation <span id="tgtAlignment_60" class="ts-alignment-element" style="color: #000000; font-family: 'Segoe UI Web (West European)', 'Segoe UI', -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, Roboto, 'Helvetica Neue', sans-serif; font-size: 14px; font-style: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: normal; orphans: 2; text-align: start; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; white-space: pre-wrap; background-color: transparent; text-decoration-thickness: initial; text-decoration-style: initial; text-decoration-color: initial;" data-is-focusable="true">in <span id="tgtAlignment_61" class="ts-alignment-element" style="color: #000000; font-family: 'Segoe UI Web (West European)', 'Segoe UI', -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, Roboto, 'Helvetica Neue', sans-serif; font-size: 14px; font-style: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: normal; orphans: 2; text-align: start; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; white-space: pre-wrap; background-color: transparent; text-decoration-thickness: initial; text-decoration-style: initial; text-decoration-color: initial;" data-is-focusable="true">court <span id="tgtAlignment_62" class="ts-alignment-element" style="color: #000000; font-family: 'Segoe UI Web (West European)', 'Segoe UI', -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, Roboto, 'Helvetica Neue', sans-serif; font-size: 14px; font-style: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: normal; orphans: 2; text-align: start; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; white-space: pre-wrap; background-color: transparent; text-decoration-thickness: initial; text-decoration-style: initial; text-decoration-color: initial;" data-is-focusable="true">shows <span id="tgtAlignment_63" class="ts-alignment-element" style="color: #000000; font-family: 'Segoe UI Web (West European)', 'Segoe UI', -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, Roboto, 'Helvetica Neue', sans-serif; font-size: 14px; font-style: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: normal; orphans: 2; text-align: start; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; white-space: pre-wrap; background-color: transparent; text-decoration-thickness: initial; text-decoration-style: initial; text-decoration-color: initial;" data-is-focusable="true">a <span id="tgtAlignment_64" class="ts-alignment-element" style="color: #000000; font-family: 'Segoe UI Web (West European)', 'Segoe UI', -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, Roboto, 'Helvetica Neue', sans-serif; font-size: 14px; font-style: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: normal; orphans: 2; text-align: start; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; white-space: pre-wrap; background-color: transparent; text-decoration-thickness: initial; text-decoration-style: initial; text-decoration-color: initial;" data-is-focusable="true">balance <span id="tgtAlignment_65" class="ts-alignment-element" style="color: #000000; font-family: 'Segoe UI Web (West European)', 'Segoe UI', -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, Roboto, 'Helvetica Neue', sans-serif; font-size: 14px; font-style: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: normal; orphans: 2; text-align: start; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; white-space: pre-wrap; background-color: transparent; text-decoration-thickness: initial; text-decoration-style: initial; text-decoration-color: initial;" data-is-focusable="true">between <span id="tgtAlignment_66" class="ts-alignment-element" style="color: #000000; font-family: 'Segoe UI Web (West European)', 'Segoe UI', -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, Roboto, 'Helvetica Neue', sans-serif; font-size: 14px; font-style: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: normal; orphans: 2; text-align: start; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; white-space: pre-wrap; background-color: transparent; text-decoration-thickness: initial; text-decoration-style: initial; text-decoration-color: initial;" data-is-focusable="true">repressive <span id="tgtAlignment_67" class="ts-alignment-element" style="color: #000000; font-family: 'Segoe UI Web (West European)', 'Segoe UI', -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, Roboto, 'Helvetica Neue', sans-serif; font-size: 14px; font-style: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: normal; orphans: 2; text-align: start; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; white-space: pre-wrap; background-color: transparent; text-decoration-thickness: initial; text-decoration-style: initial; text-decoration-color: initial;" data-is-focusable="true">and <span id="tgtAlignment_68" class="ts-alignment-element" style="color: #000000; font-family: 'Segoe UI Web (West European)', 'Segoe UI', -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, Roboto, 'Helvetica Neue', sans-serif; font-size: 14px; font-style: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: normal; orphans: 2; text-align: start; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; white-space: pre-wrap; background-color: transparent; text-decoration-thickness: initial; text-decoration-style: initial; text-decoration-color: initial;" data-is-focusable="true">rehabilitative <span id="tgtAlignment_69" class="ts-alignment-element" style="color: #000000; font-family: 'Segoe UI Web (West European)', 'Segoe UI', -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, Roboto, 'Helvetica Neue', sans-serif; font-size: 14px; font-style: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: normal; orphans: 2; text-align: start; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; white-space: pre-wrap; background-color: transparent; text-decoration-thickness: initial; text-decoration-style: initial; text-decoration-color: initial;" data-is-focusable="true">aspects<span id="tgtAlignment_70" class="ts-alignment-element" style="color: #000000; font-family: 'Segoe UI Web (West European)', 'Segoe UI', -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, Roboto, 'Helvetica Neue', sans-serif; font-size: 14px; font-style: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: normal; orphans: 2; text-align: start; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; white-space: pre-wrap; background-color: transparent; text-decoration-thickness: initial; text-decoration-style: initial; text-decoration-color: initial;" data-is-focusable="true">, <span id="tgtAlignment_71" class="ts-alignment-element" style="color: #000000; font-family: 'Segoe UI Web (West European)', 'Segoe UI', -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, Roboto, 'Helvetica Neue', sans-serif; font-size: 14px; font-style: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: normal; orphans: 2; text-align: start; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; white-space: pre-wrap; background-color: transparent; text-decoration-thickness: initial; text-decoration-style: initial; text-decoration-color: initial;" data-is-focusable="true">with <span id="tgtAlignment_72" class="ts-alignment-element" style="color: #000000; font-family: 'Segoe UI Web (West European)', 'Segoe UI', -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, Roboto, 'Helvetica Neue', sans-serif; font-size: 14px; font-style: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: normal; orphans: 2; text-align: start; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; white-space: pre-wrap; background-color: transparent; text-decoration-thickness: initial; text-decoration-style: initial; text-decoration-color: initial;" data-is-focusable="true">judges <span id="tgtAlignment_73" class="ts-alignment-element" style="color: #000000; font-family: 'Segoe UI Web (West European)', 'Segoe UI', -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, Roboto, 'Helvetica Neue', sans-serif; font-size: 14px; font-style: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: normal; orphans: 2; text-align: start; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; white-space: pre-wrap; background-color: transparent; text-decoration-thickness: initial; text-decoration-style: initial; text-decoration-color: initial;" data-is-focusable="true">considering <span id="tgtAlignment_74" class="ts-alignment-element" style="color: #000000; font-family: 'Segoe UI Web (West European)', 'Segoe UI', -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, Roboto, 'Helvetica Neue', sans-serif; font-size: 14px; font-style: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: normal; orphans: 2; text-align: start; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; white-space: pre-wrap; background-color: transparent; text-decoration-thickness: initial; text-decoration-style: initial; text-decoration-color: initial;" data-is-focusable="true">community <span id="tgtAlignment_75" class="ts-alignment-element" style="color: #000000; font-family: 'Segoe UI Web (West European)', 'Segoe UI', -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, Roboto, 'Helvetica Neue', sans-serif; font-size: 14px; font-style: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: normal; orphans: 2; text-align: start; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; white-space: pre-wrap; background-color: transparent; text-decoration-thickness: initial; text-decoration-style: initial; text-decoration-color: initial;" data-is-focusable="true">research <span id="tgtAlignment_76" class="ts-alignment-element" style="color: #000000; font-family: 'Segoe UI Web (West European)', 'Segoe UI', -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, Roboto, 'Helvetica Neue', sans-serif; font-size: 14px; font-style: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: normal; orphans: 2; text-align: start; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; white-space: pre-wrap; background-color: transparent; text-decoration-thickness: initial; text-decoration-style: initial; text-decoration-color: initial;" data-is-focusable="true">and <span id="tgtAlignment_77" class="ts-alignment-element" style="color: #000000; font-family: 'Segoe UI Web (West European)', 'Segoe UI', -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, Roboto, 'Helvetica Neue', sans-serif; font-size: 14px; font-style: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: normal; orphans: 2; text-align: start; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; white-space: pre-wrap; background-color: transparent; text-decoration-thickness: initial; text-decoration-style: initial; text-decoration-color: initial;" data-is-focusable="true">children<span id="tgtAlignment_78" class="ts-alignment-element" style="color: #000000; font-family: 'Segoe UI Web (West European)', 'Segoe UI', -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, Roboto, 'Helvetica Neue', sans-serif; font-size: 14px; font-style: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: normal; orphans: 2; text-align: start; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; white-space: pre-wrap; background-color: transparent; text-decoration-thickness: initial; text-decoration-style: initial; text-decoration-color: initial;" data-is-focusable="true">'<span style="color: #000000; font-family: 'Segoe UI Web (West European)', 'Segoe UI', -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, Roboto, 'Helvetica Neue', sans-serif; font-size: 14px; font-style: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: normal; orphans: 2; text-align: start; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; white-space: pre-wrap; background-color: #eff6ff; text-decoration-thickness: initial; text-decoration-style: initial; text-decoration-color: initial;">s <span id="tgtAlignment_79" class="ts-alignment-element" style="color: #000000; font-family: 'Segoe UI Web (West European)', 'Segoe UI', -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, Roboto, 'Helvetica Neue', sans-serif; font-size: 14px; font-style: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: normal; orphans: 2; text-align: start; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; white-space: pre-wrap; background-color: transparent; text-decoration-thickness: initial; text-decoration-style: initial; text-decoration-color: initial;" data-is-focusable="true">right <span id="tgtAlignment_80" class="ts-alignment-element" style="color: #000000; font-family: 'Segoe UI Web (West European)', 'Segoe UI', -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, Roboto, 'Helvetica Neue', sans-serif; font-size: 14px; font-style: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: normal; orphans: 2; text-align: start; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; white-space: pre-wrap; background-color: transparent; text-decoration-thickness: initial; text-decoration-style: initial; text-decoration-color: initial;" data-is-focusable="true">to <span id="tgtAlignment_81" class="ts-alignment-element" style="color: #000000; font-family: 'Segoe UI Web (West European)', 'Segoe UI', -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, Roboto, 'Helvetica Neue', sans-serif; font-size: 14px; font-style: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: normal; orphans: 2; text-align: start; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; white-space: pre-wrap; background-color: transparent; text-decoration-thickness: initial; text-decoration-style: initial; text-decoration-color: initial;" data-is-focusable="true">legal <span id="tgtAlignment_82" class="ts-alignment-element" style="color: #000000; font-family: 'Segoe UI Web (West European)', 'Segoe UI', -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, Roboto, 'Helvetica Neue', sans-serif; font-size: 14px; font-style: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: normal; orphans: 2; text-align: start; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; white-space: pre-wrap; background-color: transparent; text-decoration-thickness: initial; text-decoration-style: initial; text-decoration-color: initial;" data-is-focusable="true">assistance<span id="tgtAlignment_83" class="ts-alignment-element" style="color: #000000; font-family: 'Segoe UI Web (West European)', 'Segoe UI', -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, Roboto, 'Helvetica Neue', sans-serif; font-size: 14px; font-style: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: normal; orphans: 2; text-align: start; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; white-space: pre-wrap; background-color: transparent; text-decoration-thickness: initial; text-decoration-style: initial; text-decoration-color: initial;" data-is-focusable="true">. <span id="tgtAlignment_84" class="ts-alignment-element" style="color: #000000; font-family: 'Segoe UI Web (West European)', 'Segoe UI', -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, Roboto, 'Helvetica Neue', sans-serif; font-size: 14px; font-style: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: normal; orphans: 2; text-align: start; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; white-space: pre-wrap; background-color: transparent; text-decoration-thickness: initial; text-decoration-style: initial; text-decoration-color: initial;" data-is-focusable="true">The <span id="tgtAlignment_85" class="ts-alignment-element" style="color: #000000; font-family: 'Segoe UI Web (West European)', 'Segoe UI', -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, Roboto, 'Helvetica Neue', sans-serif; font-size: 14px; font-style: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: normal; orphans: 2; text-align: start; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; white-space: pre-wrap; background-color: transparent; text-decoration-thickness: initial; text-decoration-style: initial; text-decoration-color: initial;" data-is-focusable="true">ideal <span id="tgtAlignment_86" class="ts-alignment-element" style="color: #000000; font-family: 'Segoe UI Web (West European)', 'Segoe UI', -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, Roboto, 'Helvetica Neue', sans-serif; font-size: 14px; font-style: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: normal; orphans: 2; text-align: start; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; white-space: pre-wrap; background-color: transparent; text-decoration-thickness: initial; text-decoration-style: initial; text-decoration-color: initial;" data-is-focusable="true">law <span id="tgtAlignment_87" class="ts-alignment-element" style="color: #000000; font-family: 'Segoe UI Web (West European)', 'Segoe UI', -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, Roboto, 'Helvetica Neue', sans-serif; font-size: 14px; font-style: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: normal; orphans: 2; text-align: start; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; white-space: pre-wrap; background-color: transparent; text-decoration-thickness: initial; text-decoration-style: initial; text-decoration-color: initial;" data-is-focusable="true">enforcement <span id="tgtAlignment_88" class="ts-alignment-element" style="color: #000000; font-family: 'Segoe UI Web (West European)', 'Segoe UI', -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, Roboto, 'Helvetica Neue', sans-serif; font-size: 14px; font-style: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: normal; orphans: 2; text-align: start; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; white-space: pre-wrap; background-color: transparent; text-decoration-thickness: initial; text-decoration-style: initial; text-decoration-color: initial;" data-is-focusable="true">model <span id="tgtAlignment_89" class="ts-alignment-element" style="color: #000000; font-family: 'Segoe UI Web (West European)', 'Segoe UI', -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, Roboto, 'Helvetica Neue', sans-serif; font-size: 14px; font-style: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: normal; orphans: 2; text-align: start; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; white-space: pre-wrap; background-color: transparent; text-decoration-thickness: initial; text-decoration-style: initial; text-decoration-color: initial;" data-is-focusable="true">emphasizes<span style="color: #000000; font-family: 'Segoe UI Web (West European)', 'Segoe UI', -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, Roboto, 'Helvetica Neue', sans-serif; font-size: 14px; font-style: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: normal; orphans: 2; text-align: start; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; white-space: pre-wrap; background-color: #eff6ff; text-decoration-thickness: initial; text-decoration-style: initial; text-decoration-color: initial;"> the <span id="tgtAlignment_90" class="ts-alignment-element" style="color: #000000; font-family: 'Segoe UI Web (West European)', 'Segoe UI', -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, Roboto, 'Helvetica Neue', sans-serif; font-size: 14px; font-style: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: normal; orphans: 2; text-align: start; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; white-space: pre-wrap; background-color: transparent; text-decoration-thickness: initial; text-decoration-style: initial; text-decoration-color: initial;" data-is-focusable="true">integration <span id="tgtAlignment_91" class="ts-alignment-element" style="color: #000000; font-family: 'Segoe UI Web (West European)', 'Segoe UI', -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, Roboto, 'Helvetica Neue', sans-serif; font-size: 14px; font-style: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: normal; orphans: 2; text-align: start; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; white-space: pre-wrap; background-color: transparent; text-decoration-thickness: initial; text-decoration-style: initial; text-decoration-color: initial;" data-is-focusable="true">of <span id="tgtAlignment_92" class="ts-alignment-element" style="color: #000000; font-family: 'Segoe UI Web (West European)', 'Segoe UI', -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, Roboto, 'Helvetica Neue', sans-serif; font-size: 14px; font-style: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: normal; orphans: 2; text-align: start; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; white-space: pre-wrap; background-color: transparent; text-decoration-thickness: initial; text-decoration-style: initial; text-decoration-color: initial;" data-is-focusable="true">child <span id="tgtAlignment_93" class="ts-alignment-element" style="color: #000000; font-family: 'Segoe UI Web (West European)', 'Segoe UI', -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, Roboto, 'Helvetica Neue', sans-serif; font-size: 14px; font-style: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: normal; orphans: 2; text-align: start; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; white-space: pre-wrap; background-color: transparent; text-decoration-thickness: initial; text-decoration-style: initial; text-decoration-color: initial;" data-is-focusable="true">protection<span id="tgtAlignment_94" class="ts-alignment-element" style="color: #000000; font-family: 'Segoe UI Web (West European)', 'Segoe UI', -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, Roboto, 'Helvetica Neue', sans-serif; font-size: 14px; font-style: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: normal; orphans: 2; text-align: start; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; white-space: pre-wrap; background-color: transparent; text-decoration-thickness: initial; text-decoration-style: initial; text-decoration-color: initial;" data-is-focusable="true">,<span style="color: #000000; font-family: 'Segoe UI Web (West European)', 'Segoe UI', -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, Roboto, 'Helvetica Neue', sans-serif; font-size: 14px; font-style: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: normal; orphans: 2; text-align: start; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; white-space: pre-wrap; background-color: #eff6ff; text-decoration-thickness: initial; text-decoration-style: initial; text-decoration-color: initial;"> educational <span id="tgtAlignment_95" class="ts-alignment-element" style="color: #000000; font-family: 'Segoe UI Web (West European)', 'Segoe UI', -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, Roboto, 'Helvetica Neue', sans-serif; font-size: 14px; font-style: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: normal; orphans: 2; text-align: start; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; white-space: pre-wrap; background-color: transparent; text-decoration-thickness: initial; text-decoration-style: initial; text-decoration-color: initial;" data-is-focusable="true">penal <span id="tgtAlignment_96" class="ts-alignment-element" style="color: #000000; font-family: 'Segoe UI Web (West European)', 'Segoe UI', -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, Roboto, 'Helvetica Neue', sans-serif; font-size: 14px; font-style: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: normal; orphans: 2; text-align: start; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; white-space: pre-wrap; background-color: transparent; text-decoration-thickness: initial; text-decoration-style: initial; text-decoration-color: initial;" data-is-focusable="true">goals<span id="tgtAlignment_97" class="ts-alignment-element" style="color: #000000; font-family: 'Segoe UI Web (West European)', 'Segoe UI', -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, Roboto, 'Helvetica Neue', sans-serif; font-size: 14px; font-style: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: normal; orphans: 2; text-align: start; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; white-space: pre-wrap; background-color: transparent; text-decoration-thickness: initial; text-decoration-style: initial; text-decoration-color: initial;" data-is-focusable="true">, <span id="tgtAlignment_98" class="ts-alignment-element" style="color: #000000; font-family: 'Segoe UI Web (West European)', 'Segoe UI', -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, Roboto, 'Helvetica Neue', sans-serif; font-size: 14px; font-style: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: normal; orphans: 2; text-align: start; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; white-space: pre-wrap; background-color: transparent; text-decoration-thickness: initial; text-decoration-style: initial; text-decoration-color: initial;" data-is-focusable="true">and <span id="tgtAlignment_99" class="ts-alignment-element" style="color: #000000; font-family: 'Segoe UI Web (West European)', 'Segoe UI', -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, Roboto, 'Helvetica Neue', sans-serif; font-size: 14px; font-style: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: normal; orphans: 2; text-align: start; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; white-space: pre-wrap; background-color: transparent; text-decoration-thickness: initial; text-decoration-style: initial; text-decoration-color: initial;" data-is-focusable="true">the <span id="tgtAlignment_100" class="ts-alignment-element" style="color: #000000; font-family: 'Segoe UI Web (West European)', 'Segoe UI', -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, Roboto, 'Helvetica Neue', sans-serif; font-size: 14px; font-style: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: normal; orphans: 2; text-align: start; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; white-space: pre-wrap; background-color: transparent; text-decoration-thickness: initial; text-decoration-style: initial; text-decoration-color: initial;" data-is-focusable="true">involvement <span id="tgtAlignment_101" class="ts-alignment-element" style="color: #000000; font-family: 'Segoe UI Web (West European)', 'Segoe UI', -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, Roboto, 'Helvetica Neue', sans-serif; font-size: 14px; font-style: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: normal; orphans: 2; text-align: start; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; white-space: pre-wrap; background-color: transparent; text-decoration-thickness: initial; text-decoration-style: initial; text-decoration-color: initial;" data-is-focusable="true">of <span id="tgtAlignment_102" class="ts-alignment-element" style="color: #000000; font-family: 'Segoe UI Web (West European)', 'Segoe UI', -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, Roboto, 'Helvetica Neue', sans-serif; font-size: 14px; font-style: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: normal; orphans: 2; text-align: start; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; white-space: pre-wrap; background-color: transparent; text-decoration-thickness: initial; text-decoration-style: initial; text-decoration-color: initial;" data-is-focusable="true">families <span id="tgtAlignment_103" class="ts-alignment-element" style="color: #000000; font-family: 'Segoe UI Web (West European)', 'Segoe UI', -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, Roboto, 'Helvetica Neue', sans-serif; font-size: 14px; font-style: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: normal; orphans: 2; text-align: start; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; white-space: pre-wrap; background-color: transparent; text-decoration-thickness: initial; text-decoration-style: initial; text-decoration-color: initial;" data-is-focusable="true">and <span id="tgtAlignment_104" class="ts-alignment-element" style="color: #000000; font-family: 'Segoe UI Web (West European)', 'Segoe UI', -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, Roboto, 'Helvetica Neue', sans-serif; font-size: 14px; font-style: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: normal; orphans: 2; text-align: start; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; white-space: pre-wrap; background-color: transparent; text-decoration-thickness: initial; text-decoration-style: initial; text-decoration-color: initial;" data-is-focusable="true">communities <span id="tgtAlignment_105" class="ts-alignment-element" style="color: #000000; font-family: 'Segoe UI Web (West European)', 'Segoe UI', -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, Roboto, 'Helvetica Neue', sans-serif; font-size: 14px; font-style: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: normal; orphans: 2; text-align: start; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; white-space: pre-wrap; background-color: transparent; text-decoration-thickness: initial; text-decoration-style: initial; text-decoration-color: initial;" data-is-focusable="true">in<span style="color: #000000; font-family: 'Segoe UI Web (West European)', 'Segoe UI', -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, Roboto, 'Helvetica Neue', sans-serif; font-size: 14px; font-style: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: normal; orphans: 2; text-align: start; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; white-space: pre-wrap; background-color: #eff6ff; text-decoration-thickness: initial; text-decoration-style: initial; text-decoration-color: initial;"> the <span id="tgtAlignment_106" class="ts-alignment-element" style="color: #000000; font-family: 'Segoe UI Web (West European)', 'Segoe UI', -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, Roboto, 'Helvetica Neue', sans-serif; font-size: 14px; font-style: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: normal; orphans: 2; text-align: start; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; white-space: pre-wrap; background-color: transparent; text-decoration-thickness: initial; text-decoration-style: initial; text-decoration-color: initial;" data-is-focusable="true">coaching <span id="tgtAlignment_107" class="ts-alignment-element" style="color: #000000; font-family: 'Segoe UI Web (West European)', 'Segoe UI', -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, Roboto, 'Helvetica Neue', sans-serif; font-size: 14px; font-style: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: normal; orphans: 2; text-align: start; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; white-space: pre-wrap; background-color: transparent; text-decoration-thickness: initial; text-decoration-style: initial; text-decoration-color: initial;" data-is-focusable="true">process<span id="tgtAlignment_108" class="ts-alignment-element" style="color: #000000; font-family: 'Segoe UI Web (West European)', 'Segoe UI', -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, Roboto, 'Helvetica Neue', sans-serif; font-size: 14px; font-style: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: normal; orphans: 2; text-align: start; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; white-space: pre-wrap; background-color: transparent; text-decoration-thickness: initial; text-decoration-style: initial; text-decoration-color: initial;" data-is-focusable="true">. <span id="tgtAlignment_109" class="ts-alignment-element" style="color: #000000; font-family: 'Segoe UI Web (West European)', 'Segoe UI', -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, Roboto, 'Helvetica Neue', sans-serif; font-size: 14px; font-style: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: normal; orphans: 2; text-align: start; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; white-space: pre-wrap; background-color: transparent; text-decoration-thickness: initial; text-decoration-style: initial; text-decoration-color: initial;" data-is-focusable="true">The <span id="tgtAlignment_110" class="ts-alignment-element" style="color: #000000; font-family: 'Segoe UI Web (West European)', 'Segoe UI', -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, Roboto, 'Helvetica Neue', sans-serif; font-size: 14px; font-style: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: normal; orphans: 2; text-align: start; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; white-space: pre-wrap; background-color: transparent; text-decoration-thickness: initial; text-decoration-style: initial; text-decoration-color: initial;" data-is-focusable="true">overall <span id="tgtAlignment_111" class="ts-alignment-element" style="color: #000000; font-family: 'Segoe UI Web (West European)', 'Segoe UI', -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, Roboto, 'Helvetica Neue', sans-serif; font-size: 14px; font-style: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: normal; orphans: 2; text-align: start; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; white-space: pre-wrap; background-color: transparent; text-decoration-thickness: initial; text-decoration-style: initial; text-decoration-color: initial;" data-is-focusable="true">analysis <span id="tgtAlignment_112" class="ts-alignment-element" style="color: #000000; font-family: 'Segoe UI Web (West European)', 'Segoe UI', -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, Roboto, 'Helvetica Neue', sans-serif; font-size: 14px; font-style: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: normal; orphans: 2; text-align: start; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; white-space: pre-wrap; background-color: transparent; text-decoration-thickness: initial; text-decoration-style: initial; text-decoration-color: initial;" data-is-focusable="true">confirms <span id="tgtAlignment_113" class="ts-alignment-element" style="color: #000000; font-family: 'Segoe UI Web (West European)', 'Segoe UI', -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, Roboto, 'Helvetica Neue', sans-serif; font-size: 14px; font-style: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: normal; orphans: 2; text-align: start; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; white-space: pre-wrap; background-color: transparent; text-decoration-thickness: initial; text-decoration-style: initial; text-decoration-color: initial;" data-is-focusable="true">that<span style="color: #000000; font-family: 'Segoe UI Web (West European)', 'Segoe UI', -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, Roboto, 'Helvetica Neue', sans-serif; font-size: 14px; font-style: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: normal; orphans: 2; text-align: start; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; white-space: pre-wrap; background-color: #eff6ff; text-decoration-thickness: initial; text-decoration-style: initial; text-decoration-color: initial;"> the <span id="tgtAlignment_114" class="ts-alignment-element" style="color: #000000; font-family: 'Segoe UI Web (West European)', 'Segoe UI', -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, Roboto, 'Helvetica Neue', sans-serif; font-size: 14px; font-style: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: normal; orphans: 2; text-align: start; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; white-space: pre-wrap; background-color: transparent; text-decoration-thickness: initial; text-decoration-style: initial; text-decoration-color: initial;" data-is-focusable="true">child <span id="tgtAlignment_115" class="ts-alignment-element" style="color: #000000; font-family: 'Segoe UI Web (West European)', 'Segoe UI', -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, Roboto, 'Helvetica Neue', sans-serif; font-size: 14px; font-style: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: normal; orphans: 2; text-align: start; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; white-space: pre-wrap; background-color: transparent; text-decoration-thickness: initial; text-decoration-style: initial; text-decoration-color: initial;" data-is-focusable="true">recidivist <span id="tgtAlignment_116" class="ts-alignment-element" style="color: #000000; font-family: 'Segoe UI Web (West European)', 'Segoe UI', -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, Roboto, 'Helvetica Neue', sans-serif; font-size: 14px; font-style: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: normal; orphans: 2; text-align: start; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; white-space: pre-wrap; background-color: transparent; text-decoration-thickness: initial; text-decoration-style: initial; text-decoration-color: initial;" data-is-focusable="true">of <span id="tgtAlignment_117" class="ts-alignment-element" style="color: #000000; font-family: 'Segoe UI Web (West European)', 'Segoe UI', -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, Roboto, 'Helvetica Neue', sans-serif; font-size: 14px; font-style: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: normal; orphans: 2; text-align: start; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; white-space: pre-wrap; background-color: transparent; text-decoration-thickness: initial; text-decoration-style: initial; text-decoration-color: initial;" data-is-focusable="true">theft <span id="tgtAlignment_118" class="ts-alignment-element" style="color: #000000; font-family: 'Segoe UI Web (West European)', 'Segoe UI', -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, Roboto, 'Helvetica Neue', sans-serif; font-size: 14px; font-style: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: normal; orphans: 2; text-align: start; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; white-space: pre-wrap; background-color: transparent; text-decoration-thickness: initial; text-decoration-style: initial; text-decoration-color: initial;" data-is-focusable="true">should <span id="tgtAlignment_119" class="ts-alignment-element" style="color: #000000; font-family: 'Segoe UI Web (West European)', 'Segoe UI', -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, Roboto, 'Helvetica Neue', sans-serif; font-size: 14px; font-style: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: normal; orphans: 2; text-align: start; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; white-space: pre-wrap; background-color: transparent; text-decoration-thickness: initial; text-decoration-style: initial; text-decoration-color: initial;" data-is-focusable="true">be <span id="tgtAlignment_120" class="ts-alignment-element" style="color: #000000; font-family: 'Segoe UI Web (West European)', 'Segoe UI', -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, Roboto, 'Helvetica Neue', sans-serif; font-size: 14px; font-style: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: normal; orphans: 2; text-align: start; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; white-space: pre-wrap; background-color: transparent; text-decoration-thickness: initial; text-decoration-style: initial; text-decoration-color: initial;" data-is-focusable="true">treated <span id="tgtAlignment_121" class="ts-alignment-element" style="color: #000000; font-family: 'Segoe UI Web (West European)', 'Segoe UI', -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, Roboto, 'Helvetica Neue', sans-serif; font-size: 14px; font-style: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: normal; orphans: 2; text-align: start; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; white-space: pre-wrap; background-color: transparent; text-decoration-thickness: initial; text-decoration-style: initial; text-decoration-color: initial;" data-is-focusable="true">as <span id="tgtAlignment_122" class="ts-alignment-element" style="color: #000000; font-family: 'Segoe UI Web (West European)', 'Segoe UI', -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, Roboto, 'Helvetica Neue', sans-serif; font-size: 14px; font-style: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: normal; orphans: 2; text-align: start; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; white-space: pre-wrap; background-color: transparent; text-decoration-thickness: initial; text-decoration-style: initial; text-decoration-color: initial;" data-is-focusable="true">an <span id="tgtAlignment_123" class="ts-alignment-element" style="color: #000000; font-family: 'Segoe UI Web (West European)', 'Segoe UI', -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, Roboto, 'Helvetica Neue', sans-serif; font-size: 14px; font-style: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: normal; orphans: 2; text-align: start; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; white-space: pre-wrap; background-color: transparent; text-decoration-thickness: initial; text-decoration-style: initial; text-decoration-color: initial;" data-is-focusable="true">individual <span id="tgtAlignment_124" class="ts-alignment-element" style="color: #000000; font-family: 'Segoe UI Web (West European)', 'Segoe UI', -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, Roboto, 'Helvetica Neue', sans-serif; font-size: 14px; font-style: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: normal; orphans: 2; text-align: start; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; white-space: pre-wrap; background-color: transparent; text-decoration-thickness: initial; text-decoration-style: initial; text-decoration-color: initial;" data-is-focusable="true">who <span id="tgtAlignment_125" class="ts-alignment-element" style="color: #000000; font-family: 'Segoe UI Web (West European)', 'Segoe UI', -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, Roboto, 'Helvetica Neue', sans-serif; font-size: 14px; font-style: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: normal; orphans: 2; text-align: start; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; white-space: pre-wrap; background-color: transparent; text-decoration-thickness: initial; text-decoration-style: initial; text-decoration-color: initial;" data-is-focusable="true">still <span id="tgtAlignment_126" class="ts-alignment-element" style="color: #000000; font-family: 'Segoe UI Web (West European)', 'Segoe UI', -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, Roboto, 'Helvetica Neue', sans-serif; font-size: 14px; font-style: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: normal; orphans: 2; text-align: start; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; white-space: pre-wrap; background-color: transparent; text-decoration-thickness: initial; text-decoration-style: initial; text-decoration-color: initial;" data-is-focusable="true">has <span id="tgtAlignment_127" class="ts-alignment-element" style="color: #000000; font-family: 'Segoe UI Web (West European)', 'Segoe UI', -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, Roboto, 'Helvetica Neue', sans-serif; font-size: 14px; font-style: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: normal; orphans: 2; text-align: start; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; white-space: pre-wrap; background-color: transparent; text-decoration-thickness: initial; text-decoration-style: initial; text-decoration-color: initial;" data-is-focusable="true">a <span id="tgtAlignment_128" class="ts-alignment-element" style="color: #000000; font-family: 'Segoe UI Web (West European)', 'Segoe UI', -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, Roboto, 'Helvetica Neue', sans-serif; font-size: 14px; font-style: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: normal; orphans: 2; text-align: start; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; white-space: pre-wrap; background-color: transparent; text-decoration-thickness: initial; text-decoration-style: initial; text-decoration-color: initial;" data-is-focusable="true">chance <span id="tgtAlignment_129" class="ts-alignment-element" style="color: #000000; font-family: 'Segoe UI Web (West European)', 'Segoe UI', -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, Roboto, 'Helvetica Neue', sans-serif; font-size: 14px; font-style: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: normal; orphans: 2; text-align: start; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; white-space: pre-wrap; background-color: transparent; text-decoration-thickness: initial; text-decoration-style: initial; text-decoration-color: initial;" data-is-focusable="true">to <span id="tgtAlignment_130" class="ts-alignment-element" style="color: #000000; font-family: 'Segoe UI Web (West European)', 'Segoe UI', -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, Roboto, 'Helvetica Neue', sans-serif; font-size: 14px; font-style: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: normal; orphans: 2; text-align: start; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; white-space: pre-wrap; background-color: transparent; text-decoration-thickness: initial; text-decoration-style: initial; text-decoration-color: initial;" data-is-focusable="true">be <span id="tgtAlignment_131" class="ts-alignment-element" style="color: #000000; font-family: 'Segoe UI Web (West European)', 'Segoe UI', -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, Roboto, 'Helvetica Neue', sans-serif; font-size: 14px; font-style: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: normal; orphans: 2; text-align: start; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; white-space: pre-wrap; background-color: transparent; text-decoration-thickness: initial; text-decoration-style: initial; text-decoration-color: initial;" data-is-focusable="true">corrected<span id="tgtAlignment_132" class="ts-alignment-element" style="color: #000000; font-family: 'Segoe UI Web (West European)', 'Segoe UI', -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, Roboto, 'Helvetica Neue', sans-serif; font-size: 14px; font-style: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: normal; orphans: 2; text-align: start; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; white-space: pre-wrap; background-color: transparent; text-decoration-thickness: initial; text-decoration-style: initial; text-decoration-color: initial;" data-is-focusable="true">, <span id="tgtAlignment_133" class="ts-alignment-element" style="color: #000000; font-family: 'Segoe UI Web (West European)', 'Segoe UI', -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, Roboto, 'Helvetica Neue', sans-serif; font-size: 14px; font-style: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: normal; orphans: 2; text-align: start; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; white-space: pre-wrap; background-color: transparent; text-decoration-thickness: initial; text-decoration-style: initial; text-decoration-color: initial;" data-is-focusable="true">not <span id="tgtAlignment_134" class="ts-alignment-element" style="color: #000000; font-family: 'Segoe UI Web (West European)', 'Segoe UI', -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, Roboto, 'Helvetica Neue', sans-serif; font-size: 14px; font-style: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: normal; orphans: 2; text-align: start; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; white-space: pre-wrap; background-color: transparent; text-decoration-thickness: initial; text-decoration-style: initial; text-decoration-color: initial;" data-is-focusable="true">simply <span id="tgtAlignment_135" class="ts-alignment-element" style="color: #000000; font-family: 'Segoe UI Web (West European)', 'Segoe UI', -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, Roboto, 'Helvetica Neue', sans-serif; font-size: 14px; font-style: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: normal; orphans: 2; text-align: start; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; white-space: pre-wrap; background-color: transparent; text-decoration-thickness: initial; text-decoration-style: initial; text-decoration-color: initial;" data-is-focusable="true">as<span style="color: #000000; font-family: 'Segoe UI Web (West European)', 'Segoe UI', -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, Roboto, 'Helvetica Neue', sans-serif; font-size: 14px; font-style: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: normal; orphans: 2; text-align: start; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; white-space: pre-wrap; background-color: #eff6ff; text-decoration-thickness: initial; text-decoration-style: initial; text-decoration-color: initial;"> a <span id="tgtAlignment_136" class="ts-alignment-element" style="color: #000000; font-family: 'Segoe UI Web (West European)', 'Segoe UI', -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, Roboto, 'Helvetica Neue', sans-serif; font-size: 14px; font-style: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: normal; orphans: 2; text-align: start; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; white-space: pre-wrap; background-color: transparent; text-decoration-thickness: initial; text-decoration-style: initial; text-decoration-color: initial;" data-is-focusable="true">perpetrator <span id="tgtAlignment_137" class="ts-alignment-element" style="color: #000000; font-family: 'Segoe UI Web (West European)', 'Segoe UI', -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, Roboto, 'Helvetica Neue', sans-serif; font-size: 14px; font-style: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: normal; orphans: 2; text-align: start; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; white-space: pre-wrap; background-color: transparent; text-decoration-thickness: initial; text-decoration-style: initial; text-decoration-color: initial;" data-is-focusable="true">to <span id="tgtAlignment_138" class="ts-alignment-element" style="color: #000000; font-family: 'Segoe UI Web (West European)', 'Segoe UI', -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, Roboto, 'Helvetica Neue', sans-serif; font-size: 14px; font-style: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: normal; orphans: 2; text-align: start; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; white-space: pre-wrap; background-color: transparent; text-decoration-thickness: initial; text-decoration-style: initial; text-decoration-color: initial;" data-is-focusable="true">be <span id="tgtAlignment_139" class="ts-alignment-element" style="color: #000000; font-family: 'Segoe UI Web (West European)', 'Segoe UI', -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, Roboto, 'Helvetica Neue', sans-serif; font-size: 14px; font-style: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: normal; orphans: 2; text-align: start; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; white-space: pre-wrap; background-color: transparent; text-decoration-thickness: initial; text-decoration-style: initial; text-decoration-color: initial;" data-is-focusable="true">punished<span id="tgtAlignment_140" class="ts-alignment-element" style="color: #000000; font-family: 'Segoe UI Web (West European)', 'Segoe UI', -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, Roboto, 'Helvetica Neue', sans-serif; font-size: 14px; font-style: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: normal; orphans: 2; text-align: start; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; white-space: pre-wrap; background-color: transparent; text-decoration-thickness: initial; text-decoration-style: initial; text-decoration-color: initial;" data-is-focusable="true">.
Copyright (c) 2025 Hendrianto Udjari, Sarwo Waskito, Kurnia Wijaya, Mujito, Suwito https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0
PERLINDUNGAN HUKUM BAGI KONSUMEN DALAM TRANSAKSI DIGITAL DENGAN MODUS PENIPUAN
The level of information technology development has encouraged an increase in digital trade transactions through e-commerce platforms, one of which is Shopee. This phenomenon provides convenience for consumers, but it also raises serious issues in the form of criminal fraud and illegal trade that harm society. The urgency of this research lies in the increasing number of digital fraud cases that test the effectiveness of legal regulations, particularly the Consumer Protection Law and the Electronic Information and Transaction Law. This study aims to answer questions about the forms of criminal acts in digital transactions through Shopee and how legal protection is provided to consumers based on Indonesian positive law. This study uses a normative legal research design with a qualitative approach. Data was collected through a literature study, covering primary legal materials in the form of laws and court decisions, as well as secondary legal materials from academic literature. Two Supreme Court decisions, namely Decision Number 109 K/Pid.Sus/2024 and Number 951 K/Pid.Sus/2020, were used as case studies to assess the application of law in digital consumer protection. The analysis was conducted descriptively and analytically by interpreting legal norms and relating them to the context of practice. The results of the study show that digital transactions are prone to being exploited for criminal acts of subsidised price fraud and the distribution of prohibited goods. Legal protection through the UUPK and UU ITE still faces obstacles, particularly in terms of digital evidence, low consumer legal literacy, and limited online dispute resolution mechanisms. This study contributes to expanding the study of consumer protection law by integrating the perspectives of criminal law, cyber law, and jurisprudence. The conclusion of this study emphasises the need for regulatory updates, increased digital literacy, and strengthened obligations for e-commerce platforms to protect consumers. Further research is recommended to examine the effectiveness of electronic dispute resolution and the role of non-litigation institutions in digital consumer protection.
Copyright (c) 2025 Ridwan Maulana Muhammad, Siti Marwiyah, Renda Aranggraeni, Vallencia Nandya Paramitha https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0
PERLINDUNGAN HUKUM KONSUMEN DALAM LAYANAN PAYLATER DAN PINJAMAN ONLINE DI INDONESIA
This study aims to analyze the forms of legal protection for consumers in services.Buy Now Pay Later (PayLater) and online lending in Indonesia. The primary focus is to identify how existing regulations, such as the Financial Services Authority Regulation (POJK) and the Personal Data Protection Law, can protect consumers from abusive practices, hidden fees, and the risk of default, and how on-the-ground practices reflect the implementation of these regulations. This study employs a normative juridical method with a conceptual and comparative regulatory approach, supported by qualitative descriptive analysis of secondary data. Data were collected through a review of the latest regulations (POJK No. 10/2022, POJK No. 22/2023, Law No. 27/2022), official OJK reports (SLIK Statistics, APPK, PASTI Task Force), and industry survey results. Research shows that PayLater and online lending services are growing rapidly in Indonesia, driven by the consumer behavior of the younger generation. OJK regulations have provided a protective framework, but their effectiveness is limited to legitimate providers, while misuse of personal data, hidden fees, and aggressive collection practices remain significant issues. This research only uses secondary data from public reports, regulations, and academic literature. This study contributes to the development of legal science and consumer protection by highlighting the urgency of strengthening regulations. The results of this study are useful for regulators (OJK, Kominfo), fintech industry players, academics, and policy makers in formulating more effective consumer protection strategies in the digital financial services sector.
Copyright (c) 2025 Rahmad Ready Kurniawan, Faisol https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0
IMPLEMENTASI PERATURAN MENTERI DALAM NEGERI NOMOR 20 TAHUN 2012 TENTANG PENGELOLAAN DAN PEMBERDAYAAN PASAR TRADISIONAL (STUDI KASUS PASAR RAU KOTA SERANG)
Traditional markets are a vital component of local economies, yet they often face various management and empowerment challenges. Pasar Rau in Kota Serang is one such market with significant economic potential, but it suffers from issues such as disorganized zoning, poor infrastructure, and weak supervision and trader regulation. In this context, the implementation of the Minister of Home Affairs Regulation No. 20 of 2012 is highly relevant to assess the effectiveness of traditional market management. This study aims to analyze how the policy on traditional market management and empowerment is implemented in Pasar Rau, Kota Serang, using the implementation theory of Van Meter and Van Horn. The theory outlines six key indicators: policy standards and objectives, resources, communication among implementers, characteristics of implementing agencies, socio-economic and political environment, and implementer disposition. This research uses a qualitative method with a case study approach. Data were collected through in-depth interviews, field observations, and documentation. Informants included officials from the Department of Industry and Trade (Disperindag), market managers from PT. Pesona Banten Persada, as well as traders and visitors. The findings indicate that the policy implementation is not yet optimal. There are obstacles in human resources, ineffective communication, and resistance from traders due to relocation and limited facilities. The rise of digital platforms such as e-commerce also influences traditional market dynamics. In conclusion, the implementation of market management policies in Pasar Rau still faces significant challenges, both internally and externally. Improvements in coordination, human resource capacity, and participatory approaches are essential for sustainable policy execution.
Copyright (c) 2025 Sherlinda, Gatot Hartoko, Rizki Amilia https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0
KAJIAN YURIDIS TENTANG DAMPAK PENGARUH IKLAN TERHADAP KONSUMEN
The research, entitled "A Legal Study of the Impact of Advertising on Consumers," is motivated by the author's experience purchasing substandard cosmetics due to the influence of advertising on electronic media (television broadcasts) and recent consumer complaints about inaccurate information conveyed in print media advertisements. The purpose of this study is to determine civil liability for consumer losses due to the influence of advertising. This is an empirical study that emphasizes field data; however, it begins with a review of secondary data obtained from the literature. The results reveal that the legal framework for print and electronic media advertising, as stipulated in Article 17 of Law No. 8 of 1999 and the Indonesian Advertising Code of Ethics, is ineffective in protecting consumers from the influence of advertising that uses excessively subjective opinions without supporting facts and is unprofessional. Therefore, it is necessary to immediately establish a Non-Governmental Consumer Protection Agency (NPPA) that can advocate for consumer interests. Government oversight of print and electronic media advertising is needed to ensure business actors are compliant and create a conducive business climate.
Copyright (c) 2025 Berd Elkiopas Pelupessy, Sella Petrix Pelupessy https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0
EVALUASI KEBIJAKAN PERATURAN DAERAH KOTA GORONTALO NOMOR 1 TAHUN 2018 TENTANG KETERTIBAN UMUM
This study aims to evaluate the implementation of Regional Regulation (Perda) Number 1 of 2018 concerning Public Order in Gorontalo City using the CIPP evaluation model (Context, Input, Process, Product) developed by Daniel L. Stufflebeam. The regulation was established to ensure social order and control the increasing number of street beggars, buskers, and street children. However, despite its implementation, the phenomenon continues to rise annually. The research adopts a qualitative descriptive approach, using data collected through observation, in-depth interviews, and documentation involving key stakeholders, including the Social Affairs Office, the Civil Service Police Unit (Satpol PP), and street actors themselves. The results reveal that, based on the Context indicator, the policy was formulated as a response to a real social problem, yet its focus remains limited to law enforcement without addressing structural issues such as poverty, unemployment, and family dysfunction. From the Input perspective, institutional coordination between Satpol PP and the Social Affairs Office exists but lacks sufficient funding, personnel training, and continuous public outreach. The Process dimension indicates that the policy execution is reactive, short-term, and lacks systematic coordination or post-rehabilitation monitoring. The Product evaluation shows that while periodic enforcement actions have been conducted, they have not significantly reduced the number of street beggars and performers, which continues to fluctuate. Overall, the implementation of Perda No. 1 of 2018 has produced administrative compliance but has yet to achieve meaningful social transformation. To enhance policy effectiveness, a shift toward human-centered and empowerment-based approaches is essential, emphasizing cross-sector collaboration, sustainable rehabilitation programs, and inclusive social interventions
Copyright (c) 2025 Athariq Mokodompit, Umar Sako Baderan, Dian Fitriani Karim https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0
IMPLEMENTASI RESTORATIVE JUSTICE SEBAGAI DISKRESI DALAM KASUS PENGANIAYAAN RINGAN DI POLRES MOJOKERTO
This study aims to analyze the implementation of restorative justice as a form of discretion in the settlement of minor abuse cases at the Mojokerto Police Station, as well as to identify the obstacles encountered in the process. The research method used is a sociological juridical approach with data collection techniques through literature studies and interviews with investigators at the Mojokerto Police Station. The results show that the Mojokerto Police have applied a restorative justice approach to minor assault cases by referring to Perpol No. 8 of 2021 and the provisions of Article 18 of Law No. 2 of 2002 on the Police. This discretion is exercised through penal mediation between the perpetrator and the victim, resulting in a peaceful agreement that leads to the termination of the investigation. However, this process is not without various obstacles, including a lack of public understanding, limited investigator resources, and cultural and administrative barriers. The conclusion of this study confirms that although discretion in the form of restorative justice has become an effective and humane legal solution, institutional strengthening, training of officials, and public education are still needed for its optimal implementation
Copyright (c) 2025 Muhammad Aditya Kusuma Wijaya, Nur Handayati, M.Syahrul Borman https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0
IMPLEMENTASI HUKUM ACARA PIDANA DALAM PROSES PENYIDIKAN OLEH KEPOLISIAN
This study aims to examine the implementation of criminal procedural law in the investigation process by the Mojokerto Police Department. The research method used is a normative juridical approach with field studies to obtain factual data. The results indicate that the implementation of investigations at the Mojokerto Police Department generally complies with the provisions of the Criminal Procedure Code (KUHAP), including the stages of summons, arrest, detention, examination, and transfer of case files. Investigators also strive to comply with the principles of legal protection, including fulfilling the suspect's right to legal counsel and protection from arbitrary detention, although technical and non-technical obstacles remain. These obstacles include limited human resources, suboptimal supporting facilities, and low public understanding of the law. Efforts to overcome these obstacles are carried out through training for investigators, improving cross-agency coordination, and legal outreach to the community
Copyright (c) 2025 Aliffiansyah Sam Adhitya Nugraha, Hartoyo Hartoyo, Sri Sukmana Damayanti https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0
LEGAL ASSISTANCE BY LBH IN CRIMINAL PROCEEDINGS: NORMATIVE MANDATES AND OPERATIONAL CONSTRAINTS
This literature study examines the effectiveness of Legal Aid Institutions (LBH) in providing legal assistance from the investigation phase to trial in Indonesia's criminal justice process. Employing a normative-analytical method, the research analyzes primary legal frameworks, including the Criminal Procedure Code (KUHAP) and the Legal Aid Law. The findings indicate that LBH possess a strong legal mandate to act as guardians of suspect/defendant procedural rights and as overseers of due process. Their effectiveness is evident in preventing procedural violations, filing pre-trial motions, and ensuring a balanced defense in court. However, this operational effectiveness is significantly constrained by profound structural and financial challenges. Chronic underfunding, disproportionate caseloads, reliance on unstable external grants, and a shortage of qualified legal personnel severely limit LBH capacity. These constraints lead to fragmented assistance, high staff turnover, and an inability to engage in strategic litigation. Furthermore, institutional resistance from law enforcement agencies, despite clear legal provisions, creates an adversarial environment that drains LBH resources. The study concludes that while the normative foundation for effective legal aid is robust, its realization is fundamentally hampered by systemic resource deficiencies and operational hurdles. The gap between law and practice underscores the need for sustainable funding models, enhanced institutional capacity, and improved synergy between LBH and state apparatus to truly actualize the right to legal counsel as a pillar of a fair trial.
Copyright (c) 2025 Pratolo Saktiawan, Rio Saputra, Sarwo Waskito, Rafadi Khan Khayru, Rommy Hardyansah https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0
PERLINDUNGAN TINDAK PIDANA PENYALAHGUNAAN NARKOTIKA OLEH ANGGOTA KEPOLISIAN (Studi Kasus Nomor: 50/PID/2022/PT.TJK)
Drug abuse in Indonesia is a serious problem that not only affects public health but also threatens the legitimacy of law enforcement institutions. Cases involving members of the Indonesian National Police (Polri) who have been caught using narcotics are ironic because the very officials who are supposed to be at the forefront of eradication efforts have instead become perpetrators. The urgency of this study lies in the lack of research highlighting the integration of criminal and administrative accountability for Polri officials who commit narcotics crimes. The main questions asked are what forms of criminal and administrative accountability are imposed on members of the Indonesian National Police in cases of drug abuse, and to what extent are legal norms implemented consistently. This study uses a normative legal research design with a qualitative approach. Data was obtained through a literature study by examining primary legal materials in the form of laws and court decisions, as well as secondary legal materials in the form of literature and scientific journals. The analysis was conducted normatively and qualitatively using a legislative and case approach, supported by Satjipto Rahardjo's progressive legal theory and white collar crime theory. The results of the study show a discrepancy between legal norms and practice. The verdict against Tito Satria Perdana bin Supraptono only imposed criminal sanctions, without clarity on the administrative sanctions that should have been applied based on Government Regulation No. 2 of 2003. These findings reveal weak internal supervision within the Indonesian National Police, potential impunity, and declining public trust. In conclusion, narcotics abuse by Polri officers cannot be viewed solely as an individual violation, but rather as an institutional symptom that requires regulatory reform, strengthened supervision, and transparency. Further research is recommended to explore the role of external supervisory institutions in ensuring the accountability of law enforcement officials.
Copyright (c) 2025 Moch. Rafli Ubayidillah, Syahrul Borman, Muhammad Yustino Aribawa, Vieta Imelda Cornelis https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0
AKIBAT HUKUM PENOLAKAN AUTOPSI OLELH KELLUARGA DALAM KASUS KEMATIAN TIDAK WAJAR (STUDI KASUS PUTUSAN PERKARA NOMOR: 629/PID.B/2021/PN.SEI RAMPAH)
Forensic autopsies play a crucial role in criminal proceedings because they can reveal the cause of death scientifically and objectively. However, the practice in Indonesia still faces a dilemma when the victim's family refuses to allow an autopsy to be performed. This situation poses a serious problem, given that without an autopsy, the causal relationship between the perpetrator's actions and the victim's death is difficult to prove legally. This study stems from the urgency to understand the position of autopsy in criminal law and to examine the legal consequences that arise when families refuse to allow it to be performed. The main questions to be answered are how the refusal of an autopsy affects the quality of criminal evidence and what the legal consequences are for court decisions. The research method used is normative juridical with a case approach, through a study of legislation, doctrine, and court decisions, particularly the Sei Rampah District Court Decision Number 629/Pid.B/2021/PN.Sei Rampah. Primary legal materials were obtained from the Criminal Code, Criminal Procedure Code, and Health Law, while secondary legal materials were obtained from academic literature and previous research. The analysis was conducted qualitatively, focusing on the relationship between legal norms, judicial practice, and the implications of refusing an autopsy. The results of the study show that the refusal of an autopsy by the victim's family has a direct impact on the weakness of criminal evidence. Judges cannot scientifically determine the cause of death, so defendants are often only sentenced on lesser subsidiary charges. These findings confirm a legal loophole in the Criminal Procedure Code, which only regulates notification to families without regulating the mechanism in the event of refusal. The conclusion of this study confirms that existing regulations are insufficient to address the dilemma between the rights of the victim's family and the public interest in upholding justice. Therefore, more explicit updates to criminal procedure law are needed, as well as legal communication strategies that can increase public understanding of the urgency of autopsies. Further research is recommended to examine the ethical and social dimensions in greater depth so that the solutions offered are more comprehensive.
Copyright (c) 2025 Radar Wijaya, Noenik Soekorini, Dedi Wardana Nasoetion, Moh. Taufik https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0
IMPLEMENTASI PELAYANAN PUBLIK DALAM PENYALURAN BANTUAN SOSIAL PADA PROGRAM KELUARGA HARAPAN (PKH) BERDASARKAN UNDANG-UNDANG NO. 13 TAHUN 2011 DI KELURAHAN PANDEGLANG
Based on Law Number 13 of 2011 concerning the Handling of the Poor, the purpose of this study is to describe the implementation of community assistance in the study of Social Assistance through the Family Hope Program (PKH) in Pandeglang Village. This study uses a descriptive qualitative method with a case study approach. Data were collected using semi-structured observation, non- participatory analysis, and document analysis. Information includes PKH facilitators, village officials, and beneficiaries. This study shows that although PKH implementation has followed procedures and laws and regulations, several technical, administrative, and social problems remain. First and foremost, these include a lack of public understanding of the assistance process and human resources, inadequate Integrated Social Welfare Data (DTKS), and suboptimal communication between relevant parties. Inter- agency coordination, preventive activities, and government cooperation are supporting elements. Based on the research findings, although PKH has been implemented in Pandeglang Village, its effectiveness has not been fully realized. Improvements made include increasing public awareness of the rights and obligations of recipients of assistance, clear and concise presentation of the DTKS (Disability Report), and improving the social capacity of facilitators. This study offers theoretical contributions related to public policy implementation and practical recommendations to maximize the quality of social services.
Copyright (c) 2025 Heni Nuraeni, Try Adhi Bangsawan, Rizki Amilia https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0
Evaluasi Open Goverment Pada Layanan Perizinan Online Di DPM PTSP Kota Palangkaraya
The application of Open Government principles in online licensing services aims to increase transparency, participation, and accountability in public services. This study evaluates Open Government in online licensing services at the Palangka Raya City Investment and One-Stop Integrated Services Agency (DPMPTSP) through the Online Single Submission (OSS) system. Using a qualitative descriptive approach, the study analyzed six key aspects based on William N. Dunn's evaluation theory: effectiveness, efficiency, adequacy, equity, responsiveness, and accuracy. The research findings indicate that the OSS system successfully increased the efficiency of the licensing process with fast turnaround times (1-5 days) and more open access to information, supported by outreach and technical assistance. However, challenges such as low digital literacy among the public (especially the elderly), gaps in technology access, and delays in verification still hamper optimization. These results emphasize the need for improved digital infrastructure, human resource training, and inclusive outreach to strengthen the implementation of Open Government principles.
Copyright (c) 2025 Rusita, Sadar, Riban Satia https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0
ANALISIS HUKUM PERLINDUNGAN HAK PATEN DALAM ERA DIGITAL: STUDI KASUS PENGGUNAAN TEKNOLOGI BLOCKCHAIN
The digital era has driven significant transformation in intellectual property rights protection, including patent rights. The emergence of blockchain technology with its characteristics of decentralization, immutability, and transparency offers new opportunities to strengthen patent rights protection, but also raises legal challenges related to validity, jurisdiction, and data privacy. This study aims to analyze the legal consequences of patent infringement in the digital era and examine the potential application of blockchain technology in the patent protection system in Indonesia. The method used is normative juridical with a legislative approach and qualitative analysis of primary and secondary legal materials. The results of the study show that blockchain has great potential in creating a more efficient and transparent patent protection mechanism, but its implementation requires legal reform and recognition of digital evidence. This study emphasizes the need for an adaptive and integrative legal framework so that patent protection in Indonesia can be responsive to developments in digital technology
Copyright (c) 2025 Anggreany Arief, Andi Istiana Inayah Dwi Putri, Indrahayu Umar Gazali, Asmah Asmah https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0
SANKSI HUKUM BAGI PELAKU LAYANAN PENDANAAN DARING ILEGAL
This study aims to examine the elements of criminal acts committed by perpetrators of illegal online financing services in Indonesia. With the rapid development of financial technology (fintech), online funding services have become an alternative for the public to access financing. However, the proliferation of illegal online funding services operating without permission from the Financial Services Authority (OJK) has given rise to various legal and social problems, such as misuse of personal data, extortion, and unethical collection practices. This study uses a normative juridical method with a legislative, conceptual, and case approach to analyze the legal sanctions that can be imposed based on the Electronic Information and Transaction Law (EIT Law) and the Criminal Code (KUHP).
Copyright (c) 2025 Nurhayati Nurhayati, Ernu Widodo, Sri Astutik, Subekti Subekti https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0
PERUBAHAN KONSEPTUAL UNSUR PEMERASAN DALAM PARADIGMA KEJAHATAN SIBER
The rapid development of information and communication technology has transformed conventional crimes into increasingly sophisticated cyber-based offenses, particularly cyber extortion. In Indonesia, cyber extortion is primarily regulated under Article 27 paragraph (4) of Law No. 11 of 2008 on Electronic Information and Transactions (ITE Law), as amended by Law No. 1 of 2024, alongside extortion provisions in the Criminal Code (KUHP), namely Article 368 of the old KUHP and Article 482 of the New KUHP. This shift reflects a fundamental conceptual change in the elements of extortion, where coercion is no longer limited to physical violence but extends to digital threats, such as messaging-based intimidation and sextortion through social media platforms. This study aims to examine the regulation of cyber extortion under the ITE Law and to analyze its relationship with extortion provisions in the KUHP and the New KUHP. This research employs a normative juridical method with a conceptual and statutory approach, relying on primary legal materials in the form of legislation and secondary materials such as legal literature and scholarly works. The analysis is conducted deductively to interpret the elements of cyber extortion and the application of the lex specialis derogat legi generali principle. The findings indicate that the reformulation of Article 27 paragraph (4) into Article 27B paragraph (2) of the amended ITE Law was intended to clarify legal ambiguities and distinguish cyber extortion from cyber bullying. However, the removal of certain elements and shifts in the formulation of the offense have generated new interpretative challenges and normative overlap. Furthermore, while the ITE Law should function as lex specialis for digital-based extortion, judicial practice frequently applies it cumulatively with KUHP provisions to strengthen evidentiary requirements. This study concludes that a harmonized and hybrid approach is necessary to ensure legal certainty, proportionality of sanctions, and effective enforcement in the evolving ecosystem of cybercrime.
Copyright (c) 2025 Andi Widiatno Hummerson https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0
RELASI HUKUM PIDANA MATERIL DAN HUKUM PIDANA FORMIL DALAM SISTEM PERADILAN PIDANA INDONESIA PASCA KUHP NASIONAL
The reform of criminal law through the enactment of the National Criminal Code marks a fundamental shift in Indonesia’s criminal justice system. This reform not only affects the substance of criminal offenses and punishment (substantive criminal law) but also necessitates adjustments in law enforcement mechanisms through procedural criminal law. This article aims to analyze the relationship between substantive criminal law and procedural criminal law within the Indonesian criminal justice system following the enactment of the National Criminal Code, with particular emphasis on normative coherence, systemic function, and its implications for the principles of justice and legal certainty. This study employs a normative juridical method using statutory, conceptual, and systemic approaches, supported by doctrinal analysis and developments in modern criminal law theory. The analysis demonstrates that substantive criminal law and procedural criminal law constitute two inseparable components, as the effectiveness of criminal norms largely depends on the procedures governing their enforcement. However, the findings also indicate the existence of potential disharmony between the reformed substantive criminal law under the National Criminal Code and the procedural criminal law framework, which in part still relies on the structure of the old Criminal Procedure Code. This condition poses risks to legal uncertainty and violations of the principle of due process of law. Therefore, this article emphasizes the importance of integration and synchronization between substantive and procedural criminal law to ensure a criminal justice system that is just, effective, and oriented toward the protection of human rights within the framework of Indonesia as a state governed by the rule of law
Copyright (c) 2025 Basri Basri, Yulia Kurniaty https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0
HAK KONSTITUSIONAL ATAS LINGKUNGAN HIDUP YANG BAIK DAN SEHAT SEBAGAI HAK KEWARGANEGARAAN: SCOPING REVIEW LITERATUR CIVIC LAW DI INDONESIA
The climate crisis, pollution, and ecological degradation have strengthened the urgency of the right to a good and healthy environment as an integral part of human rights and citizens’ constitutional rights. Indonesia is relatively progressive, as it has incorporated the right to a good and healthy environment into Article 28H(1) of the 1945 Constitution and elaborated it in Law No. 32 of 2009 on Environmental Protection and Management. Normatively, this right is framed as both a human right and a constitutional right of citizens. However, there is a persistent gap between normative guarantees and empirical implementation, and only a limited number of studies explicitly interpret the right to a healthy environment as a citizenship right from a civic law perspective. This article aims: (1) to map the development of literature on the right to a good and healthy environment as a constitutional right of citizens in Indonesia; (2) to identify theoretical and methodological approaches used; (3) to reveal theoretical and empirical gaps in existing studies; and (4) to propose a conceptual framework of environmental rights as citizenship rights that integrates environmental constitutionalism, environmental citizenship, and environmental justice. The research applies a qualitative scoping review guided by Arksey and O’Malley’s framework, refined by Levac et al., and reported with reference to PRISMA-ScR. The findings show that Indonesian scholarship is dominated by normative legal research focusing on constitutional texts and legislation, while the dimensions of citizenship, public participation, and environmental justice remain underexplored. At the same time, ecological citizenship discourse has developed rapidly in citizenship education studies, but it is not yet firmly connected to the constitutional foundations of environmental rights. The article proposes a civic law framework that conceptualises the right to a good and healthy environment as a living civic right and identifies a set of future research agendas to strengthen the connections between law, citizenship, and environmental justice in Indonesia
Copyright (c) 2025 Imam Rahmaddani https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0
PENGARUH PELAYANAN BERBASIS DIGITAL TERHADAP KEGIATAN AKADEMIK DI UNIVERSITAS MUHAMMADIYAH GORONTALO
This study examines the effect of digital-based services on academic activities at Universitas Muhammadiyah Gorontalo. The rapid development of digital technology in the era of the Industrial Revolution 4.0 has significantly influenced public services, including higher education institutions. This research employs a quantitative associative approach with a sample of 98 students selected from a population of 3,800 using the Slovin formula. Data were collected through questionnaires and analyzed using validity and reliability tests, correlation analysis, and simple linear regression. The findings reveal that digital-based services have a positive but weak and statistically insignificant relationship with academic activities, as indicated by a regression coefficient of 0.382 and a significance value of 0.052. The weak influence is primarily due to limited student digital literacy, dependence on electricity infrastructure, and unstable internet access. These challenges hinder the optimization of digital services in supporting academic processes. The study suggests the need for continuous digital literacy training, improved infrastructure, reliable internet access, and collaboration with service providers to enhance the effectiveness of digital-based academic services.
Copyright (c) 2025 Muslim Panigoro,Muh. Firyal Akbar,Robin Pakudu https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0
ANALISIS EFEKTIVITAS PENGGUNAAN APLIKASI MOBILE JKN DALAM MENINGKATKAN PELAYANAN BPJS KESEHATAN DI RSUD MALINGPING
This study was conducted to analyze the effectiveness of using the JKN mobile application and to identify the supporting and inhibiting factors in using the JKN mobile application in improving BPJS Kesehatan services at Malingping Regional General Hospital. This study used a descriptive qualitative research design. The results of this study indicate that the use of the JKN mobile application at Malingping Regional General Hospital has a positive impact in facilitating access to services, speeding up the service process, streamlining service time, reducing queues, and helping to ease the workload of service officers. However, several challenges were still found, such as limited digital literacy among the elderly, technical constraints in the application, and delays in doctor appointments that did not match the schedule. Nevertheless, there are supporting factors, including service officers who provide direct education to patients and service features on the application, including the use of the online queue feature. Overall, the use of Mobile JKN at Malingping Regional General Hospital is quite effective in improving BPJS Kesehatan services, but optimization is still needed, especially in terms of assisting elderly users, technological infrastructure, and coordination between the regional general hospital and doctors regarding service schedules.
Copyright (c) 2025 Ananda Fajar Pamungkas, Try Adhi Bangsawan, Dede Qodrat Al Wajir https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0
TINJAUAN NORMATIF TENTANG PERTANGGUNG JAWABAN TINDAK PIDANA PENCEMARAN NAMA BAIK DALAM SISTEM HUKUM INDONESIA
The massive use of social media has revolutionised the communication patterns of modern society, while also presenting serious challenges in the field of criminal law, particularly in relation to defamation. This phenomenon becomes even more complex when the legal norms that govern it, namely the Criminal Code (KUHP) and the Electronic Information and Transactions Law (UU ITE), do not provide an explicit definition of the elements of ‘insult’ or ‘defamation’ in the digital space. As a result, there is ambiguity in legal interpretation, leading to inconsistencies in the application of criminal sanctions by law enforcement agencies and courts. The surge in reports of defamation cases through social media is driven by high user accessibility and low digital literacy, which has a broad impact on the psychology of victims, loss of professional reputation, and even the disintegration of social relations. This study uses a normative juridical approach to critically examine the effectiveness of criminal sanctions against perpetrators of defamation through social media. The analysis is conducted on relevant court decisions, linked to the principles of criminal law, developments in information technology, and international human rights principles. This study also raises a comparative study with the German and Australian legal systems to evaluate the proportionality and accountability in imposing criminal sanctions for similar offences. The results of the study show that there is an urgency to harmonise regulations that are more adaptive to the digital context, in order to create substantive justice that not only protects individual reputation but also guarantees freedom of expression in a democratic country. These findings are expected to contribute strategically to the development of Indonesian criminal law that is responsive to the dynamics of digital communication and the need for balanced legal protection
Copyright (c) 2025 Afi Bayu Krisnawan, Hartoyo Hartoyo, Dedi Wardana Nasoetion https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0
AMIRAH, SINGLE PARENT: ANTARA DIALEKTIKA DAN NURANI KELUARGA
This study explores the life dynamics of Amirah, a single mother who serves as the primary economic and emotional support for her extended family. Amirah is responsible not only for her two children but also for her siblings and nieces and nephews. Her economic activity as a street food vendor selling bakso pecel from her home porch symbolizes a micro-level class struggle, where family survival is sustained through perseverance, empathy, and familial solidarity. The aim of this research is to understand how Amirah negotiates her social position within the dialectics between economic struggle and family conscience, as well as how values of empathy and social responsibility shape the stability of her life. The study employs a qualitative approach using direct observation (fieldwork) and library research as the basis for a socio-empirical analysis. The findings indicate that although Amirah’s economic condition remains relatively static due to the heavy family burden, she manages to sustain her family’s livelihood through social strategies rooted in empathy and personal relationships with her customers. The dialectic between the desire for upward social mobility and the awareness of family responsibility forms the core dynamic reflecting the social reality of the lower class within a domestic economic context.
Copyright (c) 2025 Fatawi https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0
PENEGAKAN HUKUM DALAM TERMINAL PENUMPANG BATU
This research examines law enforcement at the Batu Passenger Terminal using an empirical legal approach. Its objectives are to analyze the regulation of passenger terminals from both a normative and theoretical perspective and to identify the forms of law enforcement that are implemented. The findings indicate that terminal regulation in Indonesia is comprehensive, based on Law Number 22 of 2009 and the Minister of Transportation Regulation Number 24 of 2021. Theoretically, these regulations reflect the principles of legal positivism (law as a formal rule), sociological jurisprudence (law must be relevant to social needs), natural law (law based on morality and justice), and progressive law (law must be adaptive). These regulations cover terminal classification, facility standards, and obligations for all parties. The forms of law enforcement are multidimensional, consisting of criminal sanctions for serious violations (such as not stopping at a terminal), administrative sanctions for operational and service violations, and preventive and repressive actions in the field. This study concludes that law enforcement at terminals is not merely focused on imposing penalties but is a holistic effort to create a safe, orderly, and just transportation system
Copyright (c) 2025 Setya Widji Santosa, Ernu Widodo, Muhammad Yustino Ariwibawa https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0
TINDAK PIDANA KEKERASAN SEKSUAL DALAM RUMAH TANGGA DALAM UU No.23 TAHUN 2004 TENTANG PKDRT
This study examines the criminal act of sexual violence within the household as regulated in Law Number 23 of 2004 concerning the Elimination of Domestic Violence (PKDRT Law). Sexual violence constitutes a violation of human rights that frequently occurs in domestic spaces and reflects an unequal power relation between perpetrator and victim. This research applies a normative juridical method with conceptual and statutory approaches. The findings reveal that sexual violence in the household is not limited to forced sexual intercourse but also includes coercion of deviant sexual practices and forced sexual relations with third parties. The PKDRT Law explicitly prohibits sexual violence under Article 5(c) and Article 8, and stipulates criminal sanctions under Articles 46–48, with penalties ranging up to 20 years imprisonment or fines of up to IDR 500,000,000. However, the study identifies inconsistencies in sanction provisions, particularly regarding minimum and maximum penalties. The research underscores the need for consistent law enforcement, gender-sensitive perspectives, and victim-centered approaches to ensure that the objectives of the PKDRT Law providing protection and preserving family integrity can be fully realized.
Copyright (c) 2025 Wildya Laila Sholihati, Syahrul Anwar https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0
TANGGUNGJAWAB PENGAWAS TERMINAL DALAM MENEGAKKAN KETERTIBAN DAN KEAMANAN ANGKUTAN UMUM
This study was motivated by the important role of terminal supervisors in maintaining order and safety in public transportation, which often faces various administrative, technical, operational, ethical, and legal violations. This study formulates two main issues: the duties and responsibilities of supervisors in enforcing order and safety. The method used is normative juridical with a legislative and conceptual approach. The results of the study show that violations include vehicles without route permits, unroadworthy vehicles, shadow terminals, and violations of service ethics and traffic laws. Meanwhile, the implementation of terminal supervisors' duties still faces various obstacles, such as limited human resources, limited authority, a lack of technological facilities, and a lack of synchronization of regulations between agencies. This study emphasizes the importance of strengthening legal authority, training, and inter-agency synergy to improve the effectiveness of supervision at terminals
Copyright (c) 2025 Moh Husen Sayudi, Subekti Subekti, Bachrul Amiq https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0
MENGAYUH KEHIDUPAN DENGAN KEBERSYUKURAN: STUDI KUALITATTIF TENTANG AUTHENTIC HAPPINES PADA TUKANG BECAK
Happiness is often defined as a condition that is highly dependent on material achievement and economic well-being. However, in communities with limited economic resources, happiness can have a different and deeper meaning. This study aims to understand the depiction of authentic happiness and the meaning of gratitude in the daily lives of pedicab drivers. This study used a qualitative approach with descriptive methods, through in-depth interviews with seven pedicab drivers working in and around Surakarta. The results show that the happiness experienced by pedicab drivers is not solely determined by material aspects, but rather by their ability to be grateful, maintain positive social relationships, have harmonious family ties, and interpret work as a form of responsibility and devotion. Despite facing economic constraints, the physical demands of work, and advancing age, informants still felt inner satisfaction when they were able to meet their family's basic needs, help others, and live simply. These findings suggest that gratitude plays a crucial role in shaping authentic happiness, particularly in the meaningful dimension of life. This research is expected to contribute to the development of positive psychology studies and become a basis for formulating policies that support the welfare of informal sector workers.
Copyright (c) 2025 Faqih Purnomosidi, Zalfa Kirana Ramandita https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0
IMPLEMENTASI KEBIJAKAN PEMERINTAH KABUPATEN SERANG NOMOR 3 TAHUN 2019 TENTANG PENGELOLAAN SAMPAH (STUDI KASUS DI DESA CIKANDE PERMAI)
The issue of waste is a major problem faced in many locations, including Cikande Permai Village, located in Cikande District. With the increase in population and social activities, the volume of waste produced has also increased rapidly, while the available waste management system is still not functioning efficiently. The purpose of this study is to analyze the implementation of Policy No. 3 of 2019 concerning Waste Management based on the George C. Edward III model. A qualitative descriptive approach with data collection techniques through interviews, observation, and documentation is the technique or research method used in this study. The analysis was conducted based on Edward III's model, which consists of communication, resources, implementer disposition, and bureaucratic structure. This study shows that the implementation of the policy is not yet completely free from obstacles, such as a lack of formal communication, human resources, and facilities. Even so, community initiatives and local participation are beginning to grow. It is recommended that technical training, institutional strengthening, and cross-sector coordination be provided so that policy implementation can be more effective and sustainable.
Copyright (c) 2025 Zepanya Manurung, Try Adhi Bangsawan, Eli Apud Saepudin https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0
THE CHILD’S RIGHT TO LIVE: NAVIGATING THE ETHICAL AND LEGAL CROSSROADS OF PARENTAL CONSENT AND MEDICAL NECESSITY IN NIGERIA
The doctrine of informed consent, a cornerstone of medical ethics, empowers competent individuals to steer their own healthcare journey. However, this principle faces a profound ethical crucible when applied to minors, whose autonomy is legally entrusted to parents or guardians. This delegation of authority becomes a matter of life and death when parental decisions, often rooted in sincere religious conviction, directly threaten a child’s survival. This paper argues that Nigerian jurisprudence has decisively established a hierarchy of rights where the preservation of a child’s life supersedes absolute parental autonomy. Through a comprehensive doctrinal analysis of statutory frameworks and pivotal case law, most notably the landmark Supreme Court decision in Esabunor & Anor. v. Dr. Tunde Faweya & Ors, this paper chronicles the legal evolution from parental absolutism to the state’s protective parens patriae role. It explores the delicate balance between the constitutional rights to religious freedom and the inviolable right to life, particularly for society’s most vulnerable. The paper concludes that the “best interests of the child” standard, with the right to life as its paramount component, must remain the unwavering compass guiding medical consent for minors in Nigeria. It recommends further legislative clarity and clinical guidelines to support healthcare providers navigating these agonizing dilemmas.
Copyright (c) 2025 Aneke Chiagozie Victor,Benjamin Igwenyi,Kevin O. Udude https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0
PERTANGGUNGJAWABAN PIDANA KORPORASI TERHADAP LIMBAH PRODUKSI DALAM PERSPEKTIF TINDAK PIDANA LINGKUNGAN HIDUP (Studi Putusan Nomor: 5054 K/Pid.Sus-LH/2022)
This research discusses: "CORPORATE CRIMINAL LIABILITY FOR PRODUCTION WASTE FROM THE PERSPECTIVE OF ENVIRONMENTAL CRIMES (Study of Decision Number: 5054 K/Pid.Sus- LH/2022)". This study presents two main problems, namely: 1. How is the criminal liability of corporations and corporate managers in Decision Number 5054 K/Pid.Sus-LH/2022 based on the principle of strict liability and the principle of vicarious liability?, 2. How is the urgency of strengthening criminal liability for managers or leaders in corporations, in order to create a deterrent effect and prevent environmental crimes from occurring? The objectives of the study are: 1. To determine the criminal liability of corporations and corporate managers in Decision Number 5054 K/Pid.Sus- LH/2022 related to environmental pollution crimes through the approach of the principle of strict liability and the principle of vicarious liability. 2. To examine the urgency of strengthening criminal liability for managers or leaders in corporations in order to create a deterrent effect, increase legal compliance, and prevent the recurrence of criminal acts of pollution or environmental destruction by business entities in the future. This study uses a normative juridical research approach with the specifications of the statutory approach, conceptual approach, and case approach. The results of the study show that: 1. In Decision Number 5054 K / Pid.Sus-LH / 2022 there is a lack of law enforcement in the use of articles already available in the Environmental Protection and Management Law Number 32 of 2009 where Article 116 paragraph 1 point b and Article 116 paragraph 2 and Article 117 are not used in the decision. then the Supreme Court only uses the principle of strict liability to ensnare the corporation (PT. SASS) as the perpetrator of environmental crimes. Meanwhile, the managers or leaders of corporations who give orders or lead activities are not held criminally responsible even though it is regulated in Article 116 paragraph 1 point b and Article 116 paragraph 2 and Article 117 which are not used in the decision. 2. By combining the principles of strict liability (against corporations) and the principle of vicarious liability (against managers), it is very important that law enforcers should conduct a comprehensive evaluation and consider the use of the provisions of the articles and principles as a legal basis in every decision. Ignoring the use of Article 116 paragraph (1) letter b, Article 116 paragraph (2), and Article 117 of Law Number 32 of 2009 on Environmental Protection and Management, along with the principle of vicarious liability, has the potential to result in an absence of a deterrent effect on the individuals involved, considering that criminal responsibility is not only attached to the corporation, but also to the leaders who give orders. This condition will ultimately have an impact on suboptimal protection of the public interest and environmental sustainability.
Copyright (c) 2025 Wahyu Mustariyanto, Redyana Lutfianidha, Maryuliyanto, Fitria Putri https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0
NORMATIVE REVIEW OF LEGAL PROTECTION FOR MINORITY SHAREHOLDERS IN LIMITED LIABILITY COMPANIES IN INDONESIA (NORMATIVE LEGAL ANALYSIS)
This study provides a normative legal analysis of the protection of minority shareholders in limited liability companies (Perseroan Terbatas/PT) in Indonesia. Minority shareholders often face unequal treatment due to the dominance of majority shareholders in decision-making, leading to potential abuse and neglect of their rights. Using a doctrinal approach, the research examines the legal framework under Law No. 40 of 2007 on Limited Liability Companies and related regulations, focusing on mechanisms such as derivative suits, company dissolution rights, accountability of directors and commissioners, and access to information. The analysis reveals that while Indonesia’s legal system formally recognizes these protections, their practical enforcement is hindered by high ownership thresholds, judicial inconsistency, lengthy litigation processes, and limited shareholder awareness. Comparative perspectives from jurisdictions such as the United States, United Kingdom, Singapore, and Malaysia highlight Indonesia’s need to strengthen its enforcement mechanisms and corporate governance practices. The study concludes that lowering procedural barriers, enhancing judicial consistency, promoting alternative dispute resolution, and improving legal literacy are crucial to ensuring effective protection of minority shareholders. Strengthening these protections not only guarantees fairness for shareholders but also contributes to investor confidence and sustainable corporate development in Indonesia.
Copyright (c) 2025 Emmi Rahmiwita Nasution, Dwi Saleha, Iin Inayah https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0
SANKSI HUKUM TERHADAP PELANGGARAN LALU LINTAS DAN ANGKUTAN JALAN
This normative juridical study analyzes legal sanctions for road traffic and transport violations as a vital instrument for achieving public order and safety. The research examines the legal foundation, forms of violations, and the effectiveness of sanctions regulated in Law Number 22 of 2009 on Road Traffic and Transport (LLAJ Law). The analysis indicates that violations are a multidimensional issue caused not only by individual factors but also by inconsistent law enforcement and social culture. The study asserts that sanctions, whether in the form of administrative fines or imprisonment, serve to provide a deterrent effect, reduce accident rates, and strengthen legal certainty. Although the regulatory framework exists, its implementation on the ground still faces challenges such as collusion and limited resources. As a recommendation, this study proposes a transformation in law enforcement through digitalization (electronic traffic ticketing/ETLE system), enhanced transparency, and the implementation of a demerit point system for driver's licenses. These measures aim to build a sustainable culture of traffic discipline and increase public trust in the justice system
Copyright (c) 2025 Sunarto Sunarto, Wahyu Prawesthi, M. Syahrul Borman https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0
KAJIAN YURIDIS TERHADAP PENEGAKAN HUKUM DALAM KASUS PENCABULAN ANAK OLEH PENDIDIK
This research aims to analyze law enforcement in cases of child molestation by educators, with a specific study on the Decision of the District Court of Sidoarjo Number 203/Pid.Sus/2021/PN Sda. The research method applied is normative legal research with a case approach and a statutory approach. The results indicate that judges, in rendering decisions, consider not only juridical aspects but also philosophical, sociological, and psychological aspects in order to realize justice, legal certainty, and legal benefit. The conclusion emphasizes that legal protection for children who are victims of molestation by educators still requires stronger regulations, consistent law enforcement, and more comprehensive preventive policies
Copyright (c) 2025 Latu Rangga Mito Sejati https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0
KEWENANGAN PENGAWAS TERMINAL DALAM MENGATASI TERMINAL BAYANGAN GADANG BUMIAYU
This research is motivated by the widespread existence of shadow terminals that disrupt the order of public transportation, one of which is the Gadang Bumiayu Shadow Terminal in Malang City. The research problems focus on how the authority of terminal supervisors in handling shadow terminals and the supporting factors for the effectiveness of supervision. This study employs a socio-legal approach with empirical methods through interviews with terminal supervisors and literature review related to transportation regulations. The findings indicate that terminal supervisors hold the main authority to regulate, supervise, and control public transportation activities, including vehicle roadworthiness inspections, route enforcement, passenger boarding and alighting supervision, and initial law enforcement. However, this authority has not been fully effective due to limited personnel, lack of supporting facilities, weak inter-agency coordination, and low driver compliance. The effectiveness of supervision can be improved through terminal revitalization, regulatory harmonization between central and local governments, the use of digital technology, and multi-stakeholder collaboration. Thus, addressing shadow terminals requires not only law enforcement but also strengthening public transport governance that is responsive and service-oriented
Copyright (c) 2025 Wahyudi Wahyudi, Siti Marwiyah, M.Yustino Aribawa https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0
KEPASTIAN HUKUM TERHADAP SANKSI ADMINISTRASI TERHADAP BEA MASUK ATAS KEGIATAN IMPORTASI DENGAN FASILITAS TARIF PREFERENSI ACFTA (ASEAN – CHINA FREE TRADE AREA)
This study aims to analyze legal certainty in the imposition of administrative sanctions for underpayment of import duties in import activities that utilize the ASEAN–China Free Trade Area (ACFTA) preferential tariff facility. The main issues examined include the basis for imposing underpayment and administrative sanctions on imports with preferential tariffs, as well as the legal consequences for importers. This study uses a normative legal research method with a legislative and conceptual approach, through an analysis of the Customs Law and its implementing regulations. The results of the study show that underpayment of import duties in the preferential tariff scheme generally arises due to differences in customs values, errors in the classification of goods (HS Code), or the rejection of preferential facilities due to non-compliance with the rules of origin. In the customs self-assessment system, importers are responsible for the accuracy of customs declarations, so corrections by Customs and Excise officials can result in obligations to pay import duties and taxes, accompanied by administrative sanctions in the form of fines. Normatively, the imposition of these sanctions is valid as long as they meet the principles of legality, legal certainty, and proportionality. Even under a 0% preferential tariff, the provisions of the legislation still allow for the imposition of administrative fines of a certain amount. The legal consequences for importers are not only financial in the form of payment obligations and fines, but also have an administrative impact on their compliance profile, which may affect the level of supervision in the future. However, the legal system provides mechanisms for objection and appeal as a form of legal protection. Thus, legal certainty in the application of administrative sanctions on ACFTA preferential tariff facilities lies in the clarity of norms, transparency of the determination process, and balance between the interests of state revenue and the protection of importers' rights.
ANALISIS IMPLEMENTASI PERATURAN DAERAH KABUPATEN SERANG NOMOR 3 TAHUN 2019 TENTANG PENGELOLAAN PERSAMPAHAN (STUDI KASUS DI PASAR CIRUAS KABUPATEN SERANG)
This study stems from the issue of environmental pollution related to waste. Proper waste management will become a serious problem in the future, because environmental sustainability is also affected by waste issues. Global concern regarding environmental damage is inevitable, thus affecting climate change that is difficult for countries around the world to avoid. This study aims to determine the implementation of Serang Regency Regulation Number 3 of 2019 concerning Waste Management at Ciruas Market in Serang Regency. The research method used in this study is qualitative with a descriptive approach to provide an overview of how the regional regulation is implemented at Ciruas Market. This study uses Edward III's theory on policy implementation. The results of the study show that, in general, the Serang Regency local government has made efforts to implement the Regional Regulation on Waste Management. However, it has not achieved maximum results. Therefore, efforts and commitment are needed to address the waste problem. Furthermore, the implementation of this local regulation faces obstacles in terms of facilities and infrastructure, human resources, and public awareness regarding waste reduction. Even though there are supporting factors, where the local government has designated waste issues as a strategic program in Serang Regency.
Copyright (c) 2025 Jihan Lutfiah, Try Adhi Bangsawan, Rizki Amilia https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0
EVALUASI KINERJA BADAN PERMUSYAWARATAN DESA DALAM PENYELENGGARAAN DEMOKRASI DESA DI DESA BARAMBANG KECAMATAN SINJAI BORONG KABUPATEN SINJAI
This study aims to evaluate the performance of the Village Consultative Body (BPD) in implementing village democracy in Barambang Village, Sinjai Borong Subdistrict, Sinjai Regency. The BPD has a strategic role in village administration, namely legislative, supervisory, and community aspiration absorption functions. However, in its implementation, there are still various obstacles, such as low community participation, suboptimal oversight functions, and weak coordination with the village government. This study uses a qualitative approach with a participatory method. Data collection techniques include in-depth interviews, observation, and documentation. The main informants include BPD members, the village head, community leaders, and villagers. The evaluation is based on input, process, output, and outcome performance indicators. The results of the study show that the Barambang Village Council has performed its functions quite well. In its legislative function, the Village Council has consistently established five village regulations during the 2022-2023 period, covering the Village Budget (APBDesa), Village Work Plan (RKPDesa), and amendments to the Village Budget, with an increase in productivity from two regulations (2022) to three regulations (2023). The function of absorbing aspirations was carried out through a structured mechanism with a good documentation and follow-up system, supported by 16 coordination meetings during the 2022-2024 period. The supervisory function was carried out comprehensively, from planning to the realization of village government activities with coordination.
Copyright (c) 2025 Supriadi Supriadi, Jusniaty Jusniaty, Mursak Mursak, Ashar Abdillah, Adi Nawir https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0
KUALITAS PELAYANAN E-GOVERNANCE KIOS SIAPKERJA DI BALAI BESAR PELATIHAN VOKASI DAN PRODUKTIVITAS SERANG
Advances in information technology have driven digital transformation, particularly in public services, including the employment sector. The Indonesian Ministry of Manpower has designed SIAPkerja as a digital ecosystem that integrates employment services at the Technical Implementation Unit of the Serang Productivity Vocational Training Center. However, the implementation of digital services still faces obstacles, particularly in terms of public digital literacy. The SIAPkerja kiosk serves as a service facility to facilitate digital access. This study aims to evaluate the quality of the SIAPkerja kiosk service and identify the factors that support and hinder digital services through the SIAPkerja application.This study uses a qualitative descriptive approach based on the Service Quality model developed by Parasuraman, Zeithaml, and Berry 1990. This model includes five dimensions of service quality assessment, namely Tangibles (physical evidence), Reliability (dependability), Responsiveness (responsiveness), Assurance (assurance), and Empathy (empathy). Data collection techniques involved in-depth interviews with management, service officers, prospective participants, and training alumni. The findings show that, in general, the quality of SIAPkerja Kios service is good in terms of physical facilities and assistance from officers. Supporting factors include responsiveness, completeness of facilities, and dissemination of information on social media. Meanwhile, the inhibiting factors include the low level of digital literacy among users and the lack of accessible self-guided media. Therefore, continuous digital education and strengthening the role of Kios as a digital literacy center are needed so that the community can access E-Governance services independently and sustainably.
Copyright (c) 2025 Wulan Martalia, Gatot Hartoko, Eli Apud Saepudin https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0
ANALISIS HUKUM TEHADAP PENGARUH KEBIJAKAN TATA RUANG TERHADAP PENGELOLAHAN LINGKUNGAN BERBASIS AMDAL
Spatial planning policy plays a fundamental role in directing sustainable development and ensuring balance between land use and environmental protection. This study aims to analyze the influence of spatial planning policy on the effectiveness of environmental management based on Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA), focusing on the integration between Regional Spatial Plans (RTRW), Detailed Spatial Plans (RDTR), and EIA within Indonesia’s legal and institutional framework. The research employed a juridical-normative approach supported by contextual analysis of institutional data and environmental planning documents in North Sulawesi Province. The analysis was conducted through legal document review, normative interpretation, and policy comparison across levels of government. The results show that integration between RTRW/RDTR and EIA remains ineffective due to regulatory disharmony, weak institutional coordination, and limited spatial data availability. The functional relationship between Approval of Spatial Utilization Conformity and Environmental Approval, which should be sequential, often operates separately in practice. The analytical model indicates that spatial data readiness and institutional capacity have a direct influence on policy integration effectiveness, while cross-sectoral coordination serves as a mediating factor that strengthens inter-agency synergy. These findings emphasize the need for regulatory harmonization, institutional strengthening, and the acceleration of the One Map Policy implementation as a foundation for evidence-based decision-making. This study contributes to the understanding of adaptive and ecologically just environmental governance within Indonesia’s spatial planning system.
Copyright (c) 2025 Fatimah Hs, Pinkan Jonike Kurenteng, Injil Yesika Krisia Pangemanan, Andini Dewi Thomas https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0
ANALISIS PENGGUNAAN E-COURT DI PENGADILAN NEGERI JAKARTA UTARA PERIODE 2022- 2023 BERDASARKAN PERATURAN MAHKAMAH AGUNG NOMOR 7 TAHUN 2022 DAN SIYASAH DUSTURIYAH
This thesis discusses the influence of the use of e-Court and its administrative effectiveness in the context of cultural transition from conventional to virtual trials. This change caused two reactions in the community that was previously used to conventional hearings , so it was necessary to adapt to the online system. These two reactions are used as the basis for the author's analysis of the e-Court mechanism from the perspective of siyasah dusturiyah. The purpose of this study is to find out the Analysis of the Use of E-Court and administrative arrangements in the North Jakarta District Court for the 2022-2023 Period Based on Supreme Court Regulation Number 7 of 2022. As well as analyzing the Use of E-Court in the North Jakarta District Court for the 2022-2023 Period Based on Siyasah Dusturiyah. This research uses a library research method with a normative-conceptual approach. Data collection was carried out through a systematic literature search of legal materials and academic studies. The data sources in the research were obtained from PERMA, Islamic legal literature, books, journals, and relevant articles. This study found that the use of e-Court in the North Jakarta District Court was in accordance with Perma No. 7 of 2022, starting from account registration, payment of case fees through virtual accounts, to setting trial schedules. For optimization, the North Jakarta District Court developed Sidilantara, Sigesittapus, and PASTI which accelerate administration, although system improvements, training, and digital security are still needed. From the perspective of siyasah dusturiyah, the implementation of e-Court (2022–2023) reflects the modernization of the judiciary that is in line with Islamic values and Pancasila, supporting justice, transparency, and public benefit in accordance with maqashid al-shariah, but still requires increasing digital literacy, data protection, and adaptation of legal culture
Copyright (c) 2025 Syifa Paujiah, Abdur Rahim, Siti Ngainnur Rohmah https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0
PENERAPAN RESTORATIVE JUSTICE DALAM MENANGGULANGI TINDAK PIDANA LALU LINTAS DENGAN PELAKU ANAK DI POLRES MOJOKERTO
Penelitian ini dilatarbelakangi oleh meningkatnya tindak pidana lalu lintas yang melibatkan anak di bawah umur yang tidak hanya merugikan korban, tetapi juga berdampak pada masa depan pelaku. Rumusan masalah dalam penelitian ini adalah bagaimana penerapan restorative justice dalam penanganan tindak pidana lalu lintas dengan pelaku anak di Polres Mojokerto serta kendala yang dihadapi dalam penerapannya. Metode penelitian yang digunakan adalah yuridis empiris dengan pendekatan kualitatif melalui wawancara, observasi, dan studi dokumen. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa penerapan restorative justice di Polres Mojokerto dilakukan dengan mengutamakan musyawarah antara korban, pelaku, dan keluarga dengan tujuan pemulihan keadaan semula serta menghindari dampak negatif pemidanaan bagi anak. Namun, pelaksanaannya masih menghadapi kendala berupa kurangnya pemahaman masyarakat mengenai konsep restorative justice, adanya tekanan emosional dari pihak korban, serta keterbatasan sumber daya aparat dalam memfasilitasi proses mediasi. Kesimpulan penelitian menegaskan bahwa restorative justice dapat menjadi alternatif penyelesaian perkara yang lebih humanis bagi anak, tetapi membutuhkan dukungan regulasi, sosialisasi, dan peningkatan kapasitas aparat
Copyright (c) 2025 Ariq Deji Artajaya, Vieta Imelda Cornelis, Vallencia Nandya Paramita https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0
TINJAUAN YURIDIS TERHADAP AKIBAT HUKUM WANPRESTASI DALAM PERJANJIAN HUTANG PIUTANG TANPA AKTA NOTARIS DI INDONESIA
This study examines the legal consequences of default in loan agreements made without notarial deeds in Indonesia, focusing on three key aspects: the legal standing of such agreements, implications of default, and dispute resolution mechanisms. The research addresses critical issues including legal uncertainty due to the absence of notarial authentication, evidentiary challenges in court proceedings, and the effectiveness of various dispute resolution approaches. The study employs a normative juridical method with statutory, conceptual, and case law approaches, analyzing provisions in the Indonesian Civil Code (particularly Articles 1238, 1243, 1320, and 1870), relevant court decisions, and legal doctrines from various scholarly works. The findings reveal that while loan agreements without notarial deeds remain valid under Article 1320 of the Civil Code provided they meet the four validity requirements, the lack of authentic documentation creates significant evidentiary complications. Default in such agreements entitles creditors to demand performance or compensation (Article 1243), but the burden of proof often relies on weaker evidence like witness testimony. Dispute resolution may proceed through either litigation in courts or alternative methods such as mediation and arbitration, though litigation tends to be more time-consuming and costly. This study recommends formalizing loan agreements through written notarial deeds to enhance legal certainty. Additionally, it suggests public legal education about the risks of informal agreements and regulatory improvements to better protect parties involved in non-notarized loan agreements
Copyright (c) 2025 Edi Priyono, Sri Astutik, Ernu Widodo https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0
STRENGTHENING SANITATION REGULATIONS: MEASURING THE EFFECTIVENESS OF ENVIRONMENTAL SANCTIONS FOR DOMESTIC WASTEWATER MANAGEMENT IN DENSELY POPULATED AREAS
The management of domestic wastewater in densely populated areas is a critical issue situated at the intersection of public health policy and environmental law in Indonesia. This normative juridical research aims to analyze the legal construction of obligations for domestic wastewater management and the effectiveness of the environmental sanction system in fostering compliance within densely populated zones. The findings indicate that a comprehensive legal framework has been established through a regulatory hierarchy, beginning with the 1945 Constitution, Law No. 32 of 2009 concerning Environmental Protection and Management, Law No. 36 of 2009 concerning Health, and extending to various technical regulations such as Minister of Environment and Forestry Regulation No. P.68/2016 on Domestic Wastewater Quality Standards. Legal obligations are imposed reciprocally upon the state to provide systems and upon the community to comply. Regarding enforcement, a sanction system encompassing administrative, civil, and criminal penalties has been established under the Environmental Protection and Management Law. However, the effectiveness of this sanction system within the context of densely populated areas remains limited. This limitation is attributed to factors such as limited monitoring and evidentiary capacity, the absence of adequate alternative infrastructure, and prevailing socio-economic constraints within the community. This study concludes that successful sanitation law enforcement requires an integrative approach, combining sanction instruments with infrastructure provision, institutional strengthening of oversight, and sustained public education.
Copyright (c) 2025 Elly Christanty Gautama, Justian Stanley Tuhuteru, Fayola Issalillah, Rahayu Mardikaningsih, Rommy Hardyansah https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0
PERLINDUNGAN HUKUM BAGI REMAJA YANG MENJADI KORBAN SEXTORTION (SEKTORSI)
The incidence of sextortion as a form of digital sexual violence is increasing in line with the development of information technology and the use of social media by teenagers. The characteristics of sextortion, which combines extortion with sexual exploitation, make it a crime with serious psychological, social and legal implications. However, the Indonesian criminal justice system does not yet have specific regulations governing this act, so law enforcement officials often charge perpetrators under general provisions in the Criminal Code, the Electronic Information and Transactions Law, the Pornography Law, and the Law on the Eradication of Sexual Violence. This normative gap raises the main research question: to what extent are existing regulations able to provide effective legal protection for adolescent victims of sextortion? This study aims to analyse the applicable legal framework, identify normative weaknesses in the handling of sextortion, and assess the extent to which victims' rights are accommodated in national regulations. The research method used is a normative approach with a doctrinal legal research type. Legal materials were collected through a literature study covering legislation, academic literature, and scientific articles, then analysed qualitatively and descriptively with reference to legal protection theory and the principle of justice. The results of the study show that although there are a number of legal instruments that can be used, there is no single regulation that specifically regulates sextortion. The legal protection provided through the TPKS Law and the Witness and Victim Protection Law has granted important rights, such as restitution, compensation, and the right to be forgotten, but its implementation still faces normative and technical obstacles. This study contributes by emphasising the urgency of establishing specific regulations on sextortion to fill the legal void, strengthen victim protection, and expand preventive digital literacy. In conclusion, legal protection for victims of sextortion in Indonesia is still not optimal and requires more responsive criminal law reform. Further research is recommended to explore the effectiveness of implementing victims' digital rights and psychosocial recovery mechanisms in the context of technology-based sexual violence.
Copyright (c) 2025 Hana Cindar Sukma Riyanti Ningsih, Subekti, Fitri Ayuningtiyas, Wahyu Prawesthi https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0
DISPARITAS PEMIDANAAN DALAM TINDAK PIDANA ASUSILA TERHADAP ANAK DIBAWAH UMUR: STUDI KASUS PUTUSAN NOMOR 21/PID.SUS/2019/PN PDP DAN 172/PID.SUS/2020/PN SBS
Indonesia, as a state based on law as stipulated in Article 1 paragraph (3) of the 1945 Constitution, is obliged to guarantee the protection of human rights, including the rights of children as a vulnerable group. Child protection is reinforced through Article 28B of the 1945 Constitution and Law No. 35 of 2014 in conjunction with Law No. 17 of 2016, which explicitly prohibit all forms of sexual violence against children. Philosophically, child protection reflects respect for human dignity; juridically, it is a constitutional mandate and statutory obligation; while sociologically, it is necessary to prevent the destruction of future generations caused by sexual violence. The urgency of this research arises from the increasing number of sexual violence cases against children and the presence of sentencing disparities, as reflected in Decision No. 21/Pid.Sus/2019/PN Pdp and Decision No. 172/Pid.Sus/2020/PN Sbs. This study aims to analyze judicial considerations in both decisions and identify their implications for victims, perpetrators, and society. The research applies a normative juridical method with statutory and case approaches, supported by primary and secondary legal materials analyzed descriptively and analytically. The findings show that judges based their rulings on Article 82 paragraph (1) of the Child Protection Law, taking into account trial evidence, psychological impacts on victims, and violated social values. However, disparities emerged: six years’ imprisonment with an IDR 800 million fine in the Pdp case, and seven years’ imprisonment with only an IDR 60 million fine in the Sbs case. Such inconsistencies undermine legal certainty and judicial legitimacy. In conclusion, although sentencing has reflected criminal accountability, a balance between retributive and restorative aspects is lacking. Clear sentencing guidelines and stronger protection and recovery measures for child victims are therefore recommended to realize substantive justice.
Copyright (c) 2025 Putra Chusnul Gustiawan, Bayu Prasetyo, Elviandri https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0
IMPLEMENTASI PERATURAN DAERAH KABUPATEN TANGERANG NOMOR 7 TAHUN 2019 TENTANG PERLINDUNGAN PEREMPUAN DAN ANAK DALAM TINDAK KEKERASAN
The purpose of this study is to determine the effectiveness of Regional Regulation No. 7 of 2018 concerning the Prevention of Violence against Women and Children. Specifically, the Women's Empowerment and Child Protection Agency (DP3A) of Tangerang Regency is the subject of this study. The ability to report crimes of violence against children and women is an obstacle for many victims of violence. Patriarchal culture, peer pressure, and economic limitations play a role in this. It is based on these concerns that this research was established. This qualitative descriptive study uses recording, participant observation, and interviews to collect its results. Bureaucratic structure, communication, resources, and implementer disposition are four important indicators that form George C. Edward III's policy implementation model, which is the theory applied in this study. This study found that there are still various challenges in the implementation of Regional Regulations, one of which is the lack of infrastructure resources, the lack of public understanding of violence, and the reluctance of victims to report because they still consider reporting violence to be very taboo.
Copyright (c) 2025 Tri Lulu Cahyaningtiyas, Try Adhi Bangsawan, Rizki Amilia https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0
This research discusses the relationship between law, power, and social resistance. The background of the research shows that a number of policies and legislative products? are considered not pro-people?and tend to benefit the rulers and businessmen, while the space for public participation in the law-making process is largely closed. The purpose of this study is to analyze the causes of the decline in the effectiveness of the law and the role of demonstrations and a means of socio-political correction, The method used is juridical normative with a study of related theories, concept, doctines, and legislation. The results of the study show that laws can be “overturned” or lose their legitimacy due to three main factor : (1) the law itself – reflected in problematic substance and prosedures as well as the judicial review decisions of the Constitutional Court; (2) power – political influence on the formation and amendment of laws, resulting in the laws often functioning as political tools; and (3) riots of demonstrations – historical mass actions have proven effective in driving social and legal change (e.g., the proclamation of independence, the 1998 reform, the labor movement). The conclusion emphasizes that changing the law requires a combination of political effort, legal mechanisms, and mass mobilization. The recommendations stress the importance of public participation in the legislative process, the use of available legal channel, and the strengthening of social movements as the corrective to policies that harm the people.
Copyright (c) 2025 Sarino, Wiwik Aswanti https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0
TINJAUAN YURIDIS TERHADAP PEMBATALAN SITA EKSEKUSI OLEH BADAN PENYELESAIAN SENGKETA KONSUMEN DITINJAU DARI UNDANG-UNDANG NO 42 TAHUN 1999 TENTANG JAMINAN FIDUSIA
Since the end of 2013, the Supreme Court has ruled that disputes arising from the implementation of consumer financing agreements, whether based on fiduciary agreements or collateral rights, are not considered consumer disputes. Therefore, the BPSK does not have the authority to adjudicate them. The issue addressed in this thesis is the legal validity of the cancellation of the execution of fiduciary collateral by the BPSK, as reviewed under Law No. 42 of 1999 in the Supreme Court decision No. 234/Pdt.Sus/Bpsk/2022/Pn,Pdg. How does the judge consider the fiduciary collateral executed by the creditor in the Supreme Court decision 234/Pdt.Sus/Bpsk/2022/Pn,Pdg? The research method used is normative legal research using data from various literature sources, such as books, journals, regulations, etc. Data analysis was conducted using a normative approach. The research method employed was normative legal research utilizing literature data from various books, journals, regulations, and other sources. Data analysis was conducted using a normative approach. The research findings indicate that the cancellation of the execution seizure by the BPSK contradicts the provisions of Law No. 42 of 1999 on Fiduciary Guarantees, where the creditor has preferential rights over the fiduciary object. The Supreme Court overturned the BPSK's decision, which had previously seized the collateral object, and the creditor's execution was contrary to Constitutional Court Decision No. 18/PUU-XVII/2019
Copyright (c) 2025 Duma Novianty Hutagaol, Anisa Fauziah https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0
KEWAJIBAN DAN IMPLEMENTASI UNDANG-UNDANG NO 22 TAHUN 2009 TENTANG LALU LINTAS DAN ANGKUTAN JALAN TERHADAP PENGENDARA MOTOR DIBAWAH UMUR DI KABUPATEN NGAWI
This thesis is entitled “Obligations and Implementation of Law Number 22 of 2009 concerning Road Traffic and Transportation for Underage Motorcyclists in Ngawi Regency”. Law Number 22 of 2009 on Road Traffic and Transportation strictly regulates traffic safety, including prohibiting minors from driving motor vehicles. This study uses a normative juridical method with a legislative approach, supplemented by empirical data obtained through interviews with students, parents, school officials, and police officers. The findings reveal that although the legal regulations are clearly structured, their implementation in the field has not been optimal. Low public awareness of the law, lack of parental supervision, limited access to public transportation, and weak socialization are the main obstacles. The lack of synergy among stakeholders also exacerbates the situation. Therefore, it is necessary to strengthen legal socialization, consistent enforcement of regulations, provision of adequate transportation, and cross-sector cooperation to improve the effectiveness of the implementation of these regulations in everyday life
Copyright (c) 2025 Agasta Ardhya Grahita, Dudik Djaja Sidarta, Fitria Ayuningtyas, Vallencia Nandya Paramitha https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0
PENEGAKAN HUKUM TERHADAP PEREDARAN NARKOTIKA MELALUI DARK WEB
Advances in information technology have created new challenges for law enforcement, one of which is the circulation of narcotics through the dark web, which is anonymous, cross-border, and difficult to trace. This study aims to analyze the reach of national law regarding perpetrators located outside Indonesia but conducting narcotics transactions with users in Indonesia, as well as to examine the application of the chain of custody and the validity of digital evidence for admissibility in court. The research method used is normative juridical, with a statutory and conceptual approach, complemented by field studies through interviews with law enforcement officials. The results indicate that the application of the principle of extraterritoriality, as stipulated in Articles 4 and 5 of the Criminal Code, provides the legal basis for reaching perpetrators abroad, supported by international cooperation through Mutual Legal Assistance, Interpol Red Notices, and joint operations. However, obstacles remain if there is no extradition treaty or the principle of double criminality is not met. In terms of evidentiary aspects, digital evidence can be recognized as valid evidence under the ITE Law if its collection and management follow strict chain of custody procedures, in accordance with the ISO/IEC 27037:2012 standard, including data integrity verification using hash values. This study recommends strengthening international cooperation, increasing the capacity of law enforcement officials in the field of digital forensics, standardizing digital forensics laboratories with international accreditation, and updating regulations in the Criminal Code (KUHP) and Criminal Procedure Code (KUHAP) to be more responsive to technology-based cross-border crimes
Copyright (c) 2025 Muhammad Habil Alif Ibrahim, Noenik Soekorini, Renda Aranggraeni https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0
STANDAR PROSEDURAL DAN KEKUATAN PEMBUKTIAN PENYADAPAN DALAM TINDAK PIDANA KORUPSI
This normative legal study examines the practice of wiretapping as evidence in proving corruption crimes in Indonesia, focusing on proof standards and privacy protection. The research aims to analyze the lawful procedural standards for wiretapping, the position and probative value of wiretapping results as electronic evidence in court, and potential legal disputes arising from its implementation. The study employs a qualitative literature review method, analyzing primary legal materials such as the Corruption Eradication Commission Law, the Electronic Information and Transaction Law, the Criminal Procedure Code, and relevant Constitutional Court decisions. The findings indicate that wiretapping's legality is based on a complex regulatory interaction, requiring strict adherence to procedural standards including a clear legal basis, authority from competent institutions, supervision mechanisms, and proportionality principles. The position of wiretapping results as evidence is recognized under electronic evidence provisions, yet its probative strength is contingent upon factors of legality, integrity, relevance, and adherence to due process. Potential legal disputes encompass challenges to authority, procedural violations, constitutional rights infringements, and technical authenticity, each carrying significant implications for the admissibility of evidence. The study concludes that while wiretapping is a potent tool against corruption, its application must rigorously balance law enforcement objectives with fundamental rights protections within Indonesia's rule of law framework.
Copyright (c) 2025 Novritsar Hasitongan Pakpahan, Sarwo Waskito, Kurnia Wijaya, Rafadi Khan Khayru, Rio Saputra https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0
PERLINDUNGAN HUKUM GEN-Z KORBAN CYBERBULLYING DI PROBOLINGGO MELALUI RESTORATIVE JUSTICE (Berdasarkan Undang-Undang Perlindungan Anak)
The misuse of cyberbullying against Generation Z (Gen-Z) teenagers is increasing in line with the rapid development of digital technology and social media. The viral case in Probolinggo involving Luluk Nuril shows how insults, public shaming, and verbal abuse in the digital space can have serious psychological effects on victims. The urgency of this research lies in the need to assess the extent to which existing legal instruments are able to provide protection for victims of cyberbullying while offering more humane alternatives through a restorative justice approach. This study seeks to answer two main questions: what form of legal protection is available for Gen-Z teenagers who are victims of cyberbullying within the framework of Indonesian regulations, and how relevant is restorative justice as a model for resolving such cases? The method used is normative legal research with a legislative approach and case studies. Primary legal materials include the Child Protection Law, the Electronic Information and Transaction Law, the Criminal Code, and the Juvenile Criminal Justice System Law. Data was collected through literature studies and analysed using normative and comparative legal methods to test the effectiveness of applicable legal protection. The results of the study show that although legal regulations exist, the implementation of protection for victims is still weak due to normative gaps, low digital literacy, and a lack of understanding among law enforcement officials. These findings confirm the need for more specific regulatory reforms regarding cyberbullying, capacity building for officials, and the application of restorative justice to ensure the best interests of victims. The conclusion of this study is that legal protection for adolescent victims of cyberbullying must be directed towards the integration of preventive, repressive, and restorative approaches. Further research is recommended to explore the implementation of restorative justice in juvenile court practices and educational institutions as an effort to create a safer digital space.
Copyright (c) 2025 Hafifah Laila Linta Alfatih, Dudik Djaja Sidarta, Vallencia Nandya Paramitha, Renda Aranggraeni https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0
TANGGUNGJAWAB DEVELOPER ATAS KERUGIAN KONSUMEN AKIBAT WANPRESTASI DALAM PERJANJIAN JUAL BELI RUMAH
A sale and purchase agreement is generally a consensual agreement, as it binds the parties upon their agreement on the essential and incidental elements of the agreement. A house sale and purchase agreement will give rise to the rights and obligations of each party and will be set out in a house sale and purchase agreement deed that will bind both parties to the agreement. The parties to the agreement are required to fulfil their respective obligations. If one party is unable or fails to perform its obligations, the other party may claim damages for the breach. The main issues are the developer's liability for consumer losses due to default in the house sale and purchase agreement and the form of legal protection for consumer losses due to developer default in the house sale and purchase agreement. The approach used in this study is a normative legal approach. The normative juridical approach uses legislation, examining all laws and regulations related to the legal issues being addressed. The conceptual approach departs from the views and doctrines that have developed in legal science. The results of the research on developer liability for consumer losses due to breach of contract in house sale and purchase agreements show that the form of legal liability that can be imposed on developers for breach of contract can cover several aspects, namely civil and criminal, depending on the problem or case involving the developer's breach of contract with the consumer. Developers have a responsibility that must be fulfilled.).
Copyright (c) 2025 Jonathan Tejakusuma, Subekti, Nur Handayati, Wahyu Prawesthi https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0
ANALISIS EFEKTIVITAS SIMBG DALAM MENINGKATKAN LAYANAN PERSETUJUAN BANGUNAN GEDUNG DI DPMPTSP KOTA SERANG
The Serang City Government has implemented a digital-based service system through the Building Management Information System (SIMBG) application, which is one of the updates to public facilities for submitting Building Permits (PBG), particularly for residential functions. This study aims to examine the success of SIMBG implementation in PBG permit services and identify obstacles that affect service quality at the Serang City DPMPTSP. This study uses qualitative research methods. Scientific methods to obtain information were carried out through participatory observation, structured interviews, and documentation studies. The theory used is Sondang P. Siagian's theory of effectiveness, which has three benchmarks: timeliness, accuracy, and service delivery style. Data analysis was carried out systematically to determine the suitability between the program objectives and implementation in the field. The results of the study show that SIMBG is quite effective in supporting the digitization process of PBG services, but there are still obstacles such as system instability, lack of public understanding, and limitations in internal human resources. Therefore, it is recommended that the government increase socialization, strengthen the technical capacity of officers, and ensure the stability of the SIMBG system for optimal and inclusive public services.
Copyright (c) 2025 Nurul Ulfah, Try Adhi Bangsawan, Eli Apud Saepudin https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0
LEGAL CERTAINTY AND CONTRACTUAL FREEDOM IN INDONESIAN CIVIL LAW: A NORMATIVE ANALYSIS OF THE PRINCIPLES OF THE CIVIL CODE AND CONTEMPORARY PRACTICE
This paper examines the principles of legal certainty and contractual freedom in Indonesian civil law through a normative juridical analysis of the Civil Code and its application in contemporary practice. Legal certainty ensures predictability and enforceability of agreements, while contractual freedom provides parties with autonomy to establish contractual terms. However, these principles are not absolute and often exist in tension, particularly when contractual autonomy is restricted by statutory provisions, public order, morality, or consumer protection laws. By analyzing statutory frameworks, jurisprudence, and doctrinal perspectives, this study finds that Indonesian civil law seeks to harmonize these principles rather than treat them as opposites. Contemporary challenges, such as standard form contracts, digital transactions, and consumer protection, highlight the need for a balanced approach. The findings demonstrate that Indonesian civil law must uphold both legal certainty and contractual freedom in a way that respects individual autonomy while safeguarding justice, fairness, and social interests.
Copyright (c) 2025 Jaka Santosa https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0
TANGGUNG JAWAB NEGARA DALAM IMPLEMENTASI KEBIJAKAN PEMERINTAH DAERAH TERHADAP AKTIVITAS EKONOMI PASAR: PERSPEKTIF HUKUM LINGKUNGAN DAN PEMBANGUNAN BERKELANJUTAN
This study analyzes state responsibility in implementing local government policies related to economic activities in traditional markets from an environmental law perspective. The background of this research lies in the dilemma between promoting people’s economic development and the state’s constitutional duty to protect environmental sustainability as mandated by Article 33(3) and Article 28H(1) of the 1945 Constitution of the Republic of Indonesia. The objective of this study is to assess how the principle of state responsibility is embodied through local government policies in managing sustainable market environments. Using a normative juridical method with statutory and conceptual approaches, the research examines primary legal sources, including Law No. 32 of 2009 on Environmental Protection and Management, Law No. 23 of 2014 on Local Government, and Law No. 18 of 2008 on Waste Management. The findings reveal that state responsibility is hierarchical and decentralized through the authority of local governments; however, implementation remains constrained by weak institutional coordination, limited budgets, and low environmental awareness among market participants. The study also finds that legal instruments such as environmental permits, Strategic Environmental Assessments, and Environmental Impact Analyses are not yet effectively applied at the traditional market level. In conclusion, strengthening local regulations, enhancing institutional capacity, and promoting community participation are essential steps to ensure that state responsibility is effectively realized in achieving economically and ecologically sustainable traditional markets
Copyright (c) 2025 Mario Randy Lengkong, Melfina Lase, Paulisa Gloria Br Damanik, Hatita Br Sembiring, Hendra Joseph Tuanakotta https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0
KEPATUHAN PENGENDARA KENDARAAN BERMOTOR DI JALAN RAYA BERDASARKAN UNDANG-UNDANG NOMOR 22 TAHUN 2009 TENTANG LALU LINTAS DAN ANGKUTAN JALAN
This normative legal study analyzes the legal compliance of motor vehicle drivers within the context of Law No. 22 of 2009 concerning Road Traffic and Transport. The research focuses on the disruption between ideal norms and their real-world implementation, where low legal awareness and social factors are the main obstacles. This study asserts that compliance is not merely a civil obligation but an essential aspect of citizen participation in maintaining public order. The research delves into the mechanisms of law enforcement for traffic violations, ranging from administrative fines to criminal liability. It emphasizes that the effectiveness of regulations depends heavily on three pillars: the legal substance (the Law itself), the legal structure (enforcement institutions), and the legal culture (public awareness). The strategic recommendations from this study include the digital transformation of law enforcement through electronic ticketing (e-tilang), the optimization of progressive legal education, and the adaptation of regulations to keep pace with technological advancements and mobility. Overall, these findings underscore the urgency of multi-stakeholder synergy to ensure legal certainty and traffic safety
Copyright (c) 2025 Nona D. Siwalette, Nur Handayati, Wahyu Prawesthi https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0
PERLINDUNGAN HAK ASASI MANUSIA DALAM OPERASI PENINDAKAN YANG DILAKUKAN OLEH SATUAN BRIMOB PELOPOR
This research is motivated by the urgency of protecting human rights (HR) in every law enforcement operation conducted by the Indonesian Police, particularly the Mobile Brigade (Brimob) Pelopor Unit. The research problems focus on how the legal procedures of enforcement operations are carried out and the potential human rights violations that may occur. This study employs a normative juridical method with a statutory approach, supported by empirical data from observations and interviews. The findings indicate that Brimob enforcement operations are regulated by several legal instruments, including Law No. 2 of 2002 on the Indonesian National Police, Police Regulation (Perkap) No. 1 of 2009 on the Use of Force, Perkap No. 8 of 2009 on the Implementation of Human Rights Principles, and Perkap No. 2 of 2019 on Riot Control. The implementation consists of three stages: planning, execution, and evaluation, with legality, necessity, and proportionality as guiding principles. However, the potential for human rights violations remains, particularly in cases of excessive use of force, restrictions on freedom of assembly, and weak accountability mechanisms. Therefore, strengthening human rights-based training, independent supervision, and strict internal accountability are essential to ensure that enforcement operations remain consistent with the rule of law and the protection of human rights
Copyright (c) 2025 Muhammad Rulis, Hartoyo Hartoyo, Dedi Wardana N https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0
DUE DILIGENCE AND RISK MITIGATION FOR WINNERS OF COLLATERAL LAND AUCTIONS
This study aims to analyze the legal protection afforded to recipients of land rights acquired through execution auctions involving fiduciary security and mortgage rights, focusing on the identification of legal gaps, substantive risks, and the construction of a due diligence mechanism. The method employed is normative legal research utilizing legislative, jurisprudential, and doctrinal approaches. The results indicate that the legal protection for auction winners possesses a strong normative basis within the Mortgage Rights Law and the Fiduciary Security Law, reinforced by Supreme Court jurisprudence that protects auction winners acting in good faith. However, the primary legal gap lies in the imperfection of the land registration system, the existence of unrecorded third-party rights, and vulnerability to procedural defects in the auction. Substantive risks faced by auction winners include ownership disputes, claims from heirs, the presence of physical occupants, as well as uncertainty regarding spatial planning status and tax liabilities. To mitigate these risks, the study formulates an effective due diligence framework encompassing verification of certificate legality, physical and social field inspections, tracing of encumbrances from agreements, and confirmation of spatial compliance. It is concluded that auction winners must transition from reliance on passive legal protection towards an active approach through comprehensive due diligence, while regulators need to enhance transparency regarding auction object information.
Copyright (c) 2025 Suwito, Sulani, Rafadi Khan Khayru, Arif Rahman Putra, Didit Darmawan https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0
PERLINDUNGAN HUKUM TERHADAP KONSUMEN PADA PEMBELIAN BARANG YANG TIDAK SESUAI DENGAN GAMBAR PADA MARKETPLACE SHOPEE
E-commerce transactions, such as those on the Shopee platform, are a legal relationship involving three parties: the consumer, the seller, and the platform (Shopee). This relationship creates liabilities and obligations for each party, which much be adhered to ensure transaction is conducted properly and fairly. To protect consumers, businesses are required to provide accurate and honest information and carry out responsibly. Consumers are also required to exercise caution in transactions and retain proof of transactions to guard against possible order discrepancies. This evidence is expected to sthrengthen the consumer’s position in online buying and transsactions, which are often perceived as weaker than businesses.
Copyright (c) 2025 Angeline Gunawan, A. Kasimirus Yori, Very Werson Sutanto https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0